Electrical carrier-injection and transport characteristics of photochromic diarylethene thin films were investigated. Injected and transported carriers (injected current) to the diarylethene film were increased with the existence ratio of the closed-ring form, which was one isomerization state of the diarylethene molecule. A dramatic increase was observed at a 12-percent existence ratio of the closed-ring molecules. A lowering effect of the potential barrier, which is caused by a Poole–Frenkel-like effect with a short distance interaction potential for hole transportation by increasing the existence ratio of the closed-ring molecules is proposed as the mechanism behind this phenomenon.

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Mitigation of fast debris and soft x-rays generated from laser-produced xenon plasmas were studied in an argon buffer gas in laser intensities of 10 9 -10 11 W cm −2 using a cryogenic drum target. Considerable mitigation of debris was confirmed by measurements of material sputtering. From the experimental results, an attenuation parameter of sputtering by the debris σ1 and an absorption cross section of soft x-rays at 13.5 nm σ 2 (13.5 nm) were derived to be 2.2 × 10 −20 m 2 and 1.8 × 10 −22 m 2 , respectively. Moreover, σ1 is concluded to be equivalent to the effective collision cross section σ 1 of a debris particle at kinetic energy of 1-4 keV. Sufficient debris mitigation can be obtained together with low soft x-ray absorption (less than 10%). These parameters provide a useful design tool for realizing a practical soft x-ray source because they predict the effect of the buffer gas well.

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