A 3 days old child presented with chief complaints of bilious vomiting and abdominal distention since few hours duration. Prenatal history revealed mother to be polyhydraminos and pregnancy induced hypertensive was on treatment with labetolol. Baby was a term, emergency lscs delivery. On examination baby was active, alert and with fair hydration. On per abdominal examination abdomen was distended and dilated bowel loops were seen. On per rectal wash pale jelly stools were expelled. Baby was taken up for emergency laprotomy and found to be having illeal atresia for which resection and anastamosis is done. Post operatively baby was doing well with satisfactory weight gain. Intestinal atresias are the major cause of intestinal obstruction in cases of neonates. They may be illeal or duodenal atresia. It is hypothesized to be occurring due intrauterine vascular assault and failure of recanalization. Babies present with vomiting and abdominal distention with mother having a positive history of polyhydraminos. On examination there will be abdominal distention with dilated bowel loops. X-rays would show dilated bowel loops and ultrasound shows decreased peristalisis in the bowel loops. Emergency laprotomy and surgical resection is the treatment of choice.

A 40 year old female presented with complaints of dysphagia, and regurgitation. On examination abdomen was soft, non tender, not distended and had no palpable organomeagaly. Patient was diagnosed of hiatus hernia after undergoing upper gastro intestinal scopy and barium swallow. Patient was planned for nissens laproscopic fundoplication. Intra-operatively patient was found to be having a large splenic hemangioma. Postoperatively patient had deep vein thrombosis for which intra-venous heparin was given. Post heparinization patient went into shock and ultrasound revealed a large collection in peri-splenic, spleeno-renal spaces. Spleenic hemangiomas are the 2nd common benign tumors of the spleen. Incidence of spleenic hemangioma is 0.02-0.16%. Spontaneous rupture of splenic hemangioma occurs rarely and is dreadly complication of splenic hemangioma. They may represent a congenital nevus. Patients present with spleenomegaly, abdominal pain, hypotension and dyspnea. A ultrasound would show a fluid collection in peri splenic areas. Emergency splenectomy is the treatment of choice for these patients.

IntroductionEnd-tidal capnography (EtCO 2 ) has been the gold standard method for confirmation of endotracheal intubation. Upper airway ultrasonography (USG) is a new promising method for confirming endotracheal tube (ETT) placement and has the potential to become the first-line non-invasive airway assessment tool in the future thanks to widespread POCUS knowledge, greater technology improvements, portability, and availability of ultrasound in the majority of essential areas. Hence our study aimed to compare upper airway USG and EtCO 2 for the confirmation of ETT placement in patients undergoing general anesthesia. AimTo compare the upper airway USG with EtCO 2 for confirmation of ETT placement in patients requiring general anesthesia for elective surgical procedures. The objectives of the study were to compare the time taken for confirmation, and the number of correct identification of tracheal and esophageal intubation by both upper airway USG and EtCO 2 . Materials and methodsAfter obtaining institutional ethical committee (IEC) approval, a prospective randomized comparative study involving 150 patients under American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade I and II requiring endotracheal intubation for elective surgeries under general anesthesia was randomized into two groups, Group U-upper airway USG and Group E-EtCO 2 with 75 patients in each group. ETT placement confirmation was done by upper airway USG in Group U and by EtCO 2 in Group E and the time taken for confirmation of ETT placement and correct identification of esophageal and tracheal intubation by USG and EtCO 2 was noted. ResultsThe demographic details among both groups were statistically insignificant. Upper airway USG had a faster average confirmation time of 16.41 seconds when compared to EtCO 2 which took an average confirmation time of 23.56 seconds. In our study, upper airway USG was able to identify esophageal intubation with 100% specificity. ConclusionUpper airway USG can be a reliable method and can be employed as a standard method for confirmation of ETT location in patients undergoing elective surgeries under general anesthesia when compared to EtCO 2 .

Coconut (Cocous nucifera), also known as the "tree of heaven," is one of the most important marketable crops in tropical countries. Research and commercialization of the technology is needed as to provide an additional source of income and to improve the economic status of the farmers and the country. Some physical and engineering features such as size, weight, sphericity, roundness, volume, and density were researched as part of the steps toward developing processing and handling equipment for coconuts. Major diameter varied from 132.23 mm to 101.45 mm with a mean value of 117.24 mm, the seed volume varied from 713.45 cm3 to 425.88 cm3, with an average density of 1.0427 g cm-3. The roundness ranges from 0.4607 to 0.8216 with a mean value of 0.6490 and the sphericity ranges from 0.7304 to 0.9561 with a mean value of 0.8330.

The physical and engineering properties of the urea (46-0-0), ammonium phosphate (16-20-0), potash (0-0-60), and their fertilizer combination were studied to design the hopper for the fertilizer application unit. The six important properties discussed were angle of repose, moisture content, particle size distribution, flowability, crushing strength and coefficient of kinetic friction. The largest angle of repose values was 33°, 35°, 41° and 47° for urea, ammonium phosphate, potash and their combination respectively. The bulk density value for fertilizer combination was considered for the design of hopper, as the mixture of three fertilizers were applied in the field and its value was 0.92 g cm-3. The urea has lowest coefficient of friction compared to others, which is 0.3. The flowability of the fertilizer was free and the crushing strength of ammonium phosphate and urea was having medium hardness compared to potash, which is very soft. The observed engineering properties viz., flowability, coefficient of friction, moisture content, angle of repose were satisfactory for designing the mechanical fertilizer applicator and bulk density for the volume required for the storage of fertilizer.