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The impact of the coronavirus pandemic has been felt in the business and financial world. In a fairly short time, marketing patterns have changed, especially when social distancing is enforced and micro-restrictions. Business actors have to rack their brains to be able to market their products or services to consumers as a brand strategy to survive amid the coronavirus pandemic. Business people optimize online marketing and digital branding to communicate with their target consumers. The COVID-19 PANDEMIC has also accelerated digitalization in the marketing sector. Online sales are one of the solutions to the limited physical movement of people to visit shopping centres. The switch to online marketing is also one strategy that determines whether or not a product can survive during a pandemic. This study describes how small and Medium Enterprises in Indonesia face the Covid 19 pandemic. It is hoped that this literature study can provide an overview of the condition of MSMEs in Indonesia during the pandemic to improve welfare through online marketing.

Migration from rural has been an important problem in Turkey for the last four decades. This issue has been investigated with regard to its different aspects since the late 1970's. Research studies focused on its impacts on urban areas. Although the studies on migration in urban areas are more extensive, unfortunately, the studies of migration in rural Turkey are very poor and the effects of this phenomenon on the farms have been untouched. Migration from rural areas starting in the 1950's was supported, since it was regarded as the locomotive for the rapid urbanization, industrial improvement and development until the late 1970's. The conventional wisdom in the 1970's concluded that the best way to eliminate lower incomes was helping farmers to move to urban jobs but nowadays there is widespread agreement that incentive for migration to urban areas does not solve the problem of rural or urban poverty in Turkey. For that reason, Turkish Government spends millions of dollars annually on agricultural policies, and additional funds on rural development to hold people in the rural. In this study, causes and result of migration from the rural was investigated with regard to the mobility of the resources and the success of the farms in a city of Eastern Turkey, Erzurum. The results of the study showed that some causes of migration such as economical, social, and cultural from rural in Turkey are different than the causes in other countries. As a result, it can be concluded that migration from rural areas has not reached the point at which migration has a negative effect on the success of agribusiness. Key words: causes of migration; result of migration on farmsAbstrakt: Migrace z venkovských oblastí je v posledních čtyřech desetiletích významným problémem Turecka. Od 70. let 20.století je tento problém zkoumán z různých aspektů. Výzkumné studie se zaměřují na jeho dopad na městské oblasti. Ačkoliv studie zaměřené na migraci do městských oblastí jsou poměrně rozsáhlé, studie migrace z tureckého venkova jsou bohužel nepočetné a efekt tohoto fenoménu na zemědělství zatím zkoumán nebyl. Migrace z venkovských oblastí, která začala v 50. letech, byla podporována, poněvadž byla až do 70. let považována za hnací moment urychlené urbanizace, industrializace a ekonomického rozvoje. Obecnou ekonomickou úvahou 70. let bylo, že nejlepší cestou k odstranění chudoby a nízkých příjmů je pomoci farmářům k zaměstnání ve městech. V současné době je však obecně uznáváno, že podpora migrace do městských oblastí neřeší problém venkovské či městské chudoby v Turecku . Turecká vláda proto ročně vynakládá miliony dolarů na zemědělskou politiku a další zdroje na rozvoj venkova, aby udržela osídlení venkova. V tomto příspěvku jsou zkoumány příčiny a dopady migrace z venkovských oblastí ve vztahu k mobilitě zdrojů a úspěšnosti farem v oblasti města Erzurum ve Východním Turecku. Výsledky studie ukazují, že některé ekonomické, sociální a kulturní příči-ny migrace z venkovských oblastí se v Turecku liší od jiných zemí. Lze konstatovat, že...

SUMMARYThis paper summarizes a study initiated by the Turkish General Directorate of Agricultural Research and ICARDA/CIMMYT Wheat Improvement Program on the adoption of five new winter and spring wheat varieties developed and released by the Turkish national breeding program and through international collaboration in the past 10 years. The study results are based on a survey of 781 households selected randomly in the Adana, Ankara, Diyarbakir, Edirne, and Konya provinces of Turkey. The five new wheat varieties are compared to old improved varieties released prior to 1995 that are also still grown by farmers. Technical and biological indicators of impacts including crop productivity are measured to determine the impact of these varieties. Yield stability is assessed by comparing average yields in normal, good and dry years and by comparing the coefficients of variation of yields by variety. Profitability is measured by the gross margin generated per unit of land. Household income from wheat and for all economic activities are estimated and compared between adopters and non-adopters. Adopters of the new varieties have higher per-capita income than non-adopters as compared to the same group using old varieties. However, the overall impact of the improved varieties is generally low, mainly due to their low adoption levels. Farmers’ knowledge and perception of certain variety characteristics and unavailability of adequate and timely seed are the main reasons. Increasing adoption has the potential to improve household income and this requires revising wheat impact pathway to achieve the expected impact.