Scriabin's decision to orchestrate his fifth symphony "Prometheus" with a "counterpoint of light" resulted from his perception of sound as literal color. This phenomenon is known as synesthesia, and by the early decades of this century, well over 100 specialized case studies had appeared in the experimental literature. The present article is in two parts. The first is a general discussion of the vast literature on synesthesia. With this perspective, Scriabin's color hearing can be understood to have resulted from a typical synesthetic pairing of diverse sensory stimuli. In part two, the composer's personal perception is examined, and an analysis of the "Tastiera per luce" in the orchestral score is presented. This part for colored light serves a dual function by indicating particular colors to be projected during performance as well as all transposition levels of the six-note pitch collection employed exclusively in the composition.

In our multi-media age, low-cost technology has facilitated the creation of convincing artistic works that combine music and colored light. The most elusive aspect of this art, historically termed 'color-music', has been the light-projection instrument. Attempts to develop such a device date from the eighteenth century and, since that time, many machines have been proposed. The author discusses the most significant of these instruments which, in many cases, were developed by experimenters working in isolation.

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Large scale surface coal mining taken place along the cropline of the Wyodak-Anderson coal seam since approximately 1977. Groundwater impacts due to surface mining of coal and other energy-related development is a primary regulatory concern and an identified Office of Surface Mining deficiency in the Wyoming coal program. The modeled aquifers are the upper unit (coal) of the Paleocene Fort Union Formation and the overlying Eocene Wasatch Formation. A regional groundwater model covering 790 square miles was constructed using MODFLOW, to simulate the impacts from three surface coal mines and coal bed methane development occurring downdip. Assessing anisotropy of the coal aquifer, quality checking of in situ aquifer tests and database quality control were precursors to modelling. Geologic data was kriged to develop the structural model of the aquifers. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was utilized to facilitate storage, analysis, display, development of input modelling arrays and assessment of hydro1ogic boundaries. Model output presents the predicted impacts of likely development scenarios, including impacts from coal bed methane development and surface coal mining through anticipated life of mining, and surface mining impacts independent of gas development.

Three groups of rats were given two-way shuttle-avoidance conditioning. The control group (C) was trained with shock continuously present after the 10-sec. CS-US interval until a crossing response was made. For the shockcontingent group (SC), the shock was presented during this period only if the subject was inactive. For the shock + buzzer-contingent group (SB), shock was presented when the rat was inactive and a soft buzzer was presented when the rat was active. Groups SC and SB did not differ but both were markedly superior to Group C (p < .001). A second experiment demonstrated that some of the difference was due to the intermittency of the shock and some was due to the contingency with nonmovement. A third experiment suggested that punishment of freezing responses was responsible for the facilitation shown in Groups SC and SB.