Multicopter-type unmanned aerial vehicles, called drones, have been attracting wide attention because of their immense potential for use in various missions such as surveillance, reconnaissance, and delivery service. For the application of drones, however, their noise will be a serious issue especially when operating in urban areas, and to our knowledge, it has not been resolved yet. In this study, inspired by the unique wing structures of insects and birds, we have developed new low-noise-type propellers for drones. The various bio-inspired attachments of drones such as the serrations at the leading edge, velvet-like surface, and fringes at the trailing edge were tested, and their acoustic and aerodynamic performances were evaluated experimentally and numerically. Our results indicate that an attachment at the trailing edge can suppress the noise level while maintaining the aerodynamic efficiency of the proposed propeller close to that of the basic propeller.

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There is an increasing need in industry for noise reduction in fans. Inspired by owls' silent flight, we propose four owl-inspired blade designs for a mixed-flow fan to examine whether leading-edge (LE) and/or trailing-edge (TE) serrations can resolve the tradeoff between sound suppression and aerodynamic performance. We investigate the blades' aeroacoustic characteristics through various experimental methods and large-eddy simulation (LES)-based numerical analyses. Experimental results suggest that 'slotted', simply-fabricated LE serrations can achieve a lowering of the noise level while sustaining the aerodynamic performance of the fan, whereas TE serrations fail. In addition, the inclination angle can improve LE serration performance in aeroacoustic and aerodynamic performance with a reduction in the specific noise level by around 1.4 dB. LES results and noise spectral analysis indicate that the LE serrations can suppress flow separation, reducing the broadband noise at low-to-middle frequencies (40-4k Hz). This passive-flow-control mechanism, likely due to local higher incidence angles associated with LE serrations, is capable of alleviating the intensive pressure gradient while suppressing wall-pressure fluctuations over the LE region, hence weakening the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. The tonal noise also shows a marked reduction at the highest peak frequency associated with fan-vane interaction. Moreover, we find that the high-frequency noise by-product radiates mainly from the LE serrations andsurroundings, due to the small eddies broken up when the vortical flows pass through the LE serrations. Our results demonstrate that the biomimetic design of the LE serrations can facilitate the break-up of LE vortices passively and effectively without negatively impacting aerodynamic performance, which can be utilized as an effective device to improve the aeroacoustic performance of fan blades.

Leading-edge (LE) noise is a common source of broadband noise for fans that can be suppressed using appended LE serrations. We conduct an integrated study of the morphological effects of interval, length, and inclination angle of owl-inspired LE serrations on the aeroacoustic characteristics of a mixed flow fan using experiments, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings (FWH) analogy. A novel method for surface noise strength (SNS) visualization was developed based on the FWH analogy with large-eddy simulations to accurately quantify the spatial distributions of acoustic sources. A CFD-informed index is proposed to evaluate the severity of flow separation with the pressure gradient and verified to be effective in examining the chord-wise separation. Acoustic measurements show the robust trade-off solving capability of the serrations under various morphologies, and the SNS visualizations indicate that the separation-induced LE noise is suppressed considerably. One-third octave analyses suggest that extending serration length can lower separation noise more effectively than shrinking the interval over 100–3000 Hz. A smaller interval is more desirable while an optimal length exists in association with tonal noise. Moreover, small inclination angles ([Formula: see text]) enable the deceleration of oncoming flows with stagnation relieved, and consequently, further suppress the LE noise, by a flow-buffering effect. Heavy inclination angles ([Formula: see text]) induce an additional tip vortex, causing high-coherence turbulence impingement noise and resulting in a drastic increase in broadband noise at frequencies exceeding 4000 Hz. Our study, thus, clarifies the morphological effects of LE serrations on aeroacoustic signatures of rotary devices while providing useful methods for acoustic analyses.

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