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White Leghorn chickens were divided into the control , lowcarbohydrate (CHO), and CHO-free groups to investigate dietary CHO's significance on histological features of chicken ileal mucosa. Paraffin sections of distal ileum from each chicken were stained by periodic acid-Schiff reaction and subjected to morphometrical analysis. Most villi in the control group had a fingerlike shape but those of the experimental groups showed irregular shapes. Villus height, crypt depth and the number of mitotic cells per crypt were significantly lower in the CHO-free group than in the control group. The density of goblet cells also showed a significant decreasing trend with a reduction in dietary CHO level. In conclusion, dietary CHO positively affects the proliferation of epithelial cells in the chicken ileum.

Recently, lifestyle diseases (diabetics, hyperlipemia etc.) have been steadily increasing, because change of diet, lack of exercise, increase an alcoholic intake, and increase a stress. It is a matter of vital importance to us. About tens of millions of people in Japan have approached the danger of lifestyle diseases. So they have to do a blood test to make sure that they have controlled physical condition themselves. Therefore, they have to measure blood components again and again. So, they are burden too heavy. This paper describes a new noninvasive measurement of blood components based on optical sensing. In order to study, the

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We conducted a questionnaire survey in pharmacists working in community pharmacies in order to clarify the relationship between measures for dispensing mistakes by environmental improvements of pharmacies and measures for human error. Simultaneously, we surveyed the main causes of dispensing mistakes relating to human factors. Questionnaires were distributed to 692 pharmacists working in community pharmacies. Valid questionnaires were collected from 486 pharmacists. (Valid collection rate: 70％) The results revealed that the highest risk factor of dispensing mistakes relating to human factors is the psychological and mental situation, which is 69％ of all causes relating to human factors. And 7 factors were extracted from the factor analysis of 24 items relating to measures for dispensing mistakes by environmental improvements of pharmacies. Covariance structure analysis clarified the relationship between the 7 factors relating to environmental improvements of pharmacies and 3 factors relating to measures for human error. In addition, we constructed a novel path model that reveals the relationship between measures for dispensing mistakes by environmental improvements of pharmacies and measures for human error. Our model can be used to estimate what kind of environmental improvements of pharmacies we should implement as measures for human error, which includes an arrangement of prescription shelves by the order of the Japanese syllabary in a pharmacy where pharmacists having less knowledge and experience work, and therefore it can be helpful in risk management in community pharmacies.