Since the 1970s increase in smoking prevalence and decrease in body mass index in young women, especially those in their thirties, appeared to be the major factors involved in the increase in LBW babies.

our data indicate that the sensitivity of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition) and the Child Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index in rating symptoms of pre-school aged children is not sufficient. The alternative criteria of the former and modified version of the latter would be the better choice in this age group.

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Maternal smoking during any trimesters increased the risk of preterm birth. Maternal smoking during the third trimester reduced the body length of both full-term and preterm neonates, and the birthweight of the full-term neonate in a somewhat dose-dependent manner.

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