Oxidative stress is the resultant damage that arises due to redox imbalances, more specifically an increase in destructive free radicals and reduction in protection from antioxidants and the antioxidant defence pathways. Oxidation of lipids by reactive oxygen species (ROS) can damage cellular structures and result in premature cell death. At low levels, ROS-induced oxidative stress can be prevented through the action of antioxidants, however, when ROS are present in excess, inflammation and cytotoxicity eventually results leading to cellular oxidative stress damage. Increasing evidence for the role of oxidative stress in various diseases including neurological, dermatological, and cardiovascular diseases is now emerging. Mitochondria are the principal source (90%) of ROS in the cell, with superoxide radicals being generated when molecular oxygen is combined with free electrons. Given the key role of mitochondria in the generation of cellular oxidative stress it is worth considering this organelle and the process in more detail and to provide methods of intervention.R esum e Le stress oxydatif est l'ensemble des dommages cr ees par les d es equilibres redox, plus pr ecis ement une augmentation des radicaux libres destructeurs et une r eduction de la protection contre les antioxydants et les voies de d efense anti-oxydantes. L'oxydation des lipides par les d eriv es r eactifs de l'oxyg ene peut endommager les structures cellulaires et entraîner la mort pr ematur ee des cellules. A des taux bas, le stress oxydatif induit par les d eriv es r eactifs de l'oxyg ene peutêtre evit ee grâce a l'action des antioxydants. Cependant, quand les d eriv es r eactifs de l'oxyg ene sont pr esents en exc es, l'inflammation et la cytotoxicit e conduisent a des dommages oxydatifs cellulaire. Il existe maintenant de plus en plus de preuves du rôle du stress oxydatif dans diverses maladies, notamment neurologiques, dermatologiques, et cardio-vasculaires. Les mitochondries sont la source principale (90%) de d eriv es r eactifs de l'oxyg ene dans la cellule, avec des radicaux superoxyd es g en er es lorsque de l'oxyg ene mol eculaire est combin ee a des electrons libres. Etant donn e le rôle cl e des mitochondries dans la g en eration de oxydatif cellulaire stress, il est utile d'examiner cet organite et le processus plus en d etail et de proposer des m ethodes d'intervention. Oxidative stressOxidative stress is the resultant damage that arises due to redox imbalances, more specifically an increase in destructive free radicals and reduction in protection from antioxidants and the antioxidant defence pathways [1]. Free radicals are molecules with an unpaired electron [1,2]; there are many types of free radicals; relevant ones are reactive oxygen species (ROS), peroxides, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen. Free radicals, in particular ROS, contribute to oxidative stress through a variety of mechanisms. Interaction with nucleic acids [both in the mitochondria (mtDNA) and in the nucleus (nDNA)] results in mutatio...

Opinion statementFatigue is a common and distressing symptom experienced by patients with cancer. It is most common in patients with locally advanced or metastatic incurable disease. It can have profound effects on quality-of-life and physical functioning. In addition to general supportive measures (directed at tackling contributory conditions and comorbidities), a variety of specific interventions have been developed which can be broadly categorised as physical therapies, psychological therapies or medication. There is some evidence that each of these approaches can have benefits in patients with earlier stage disease, those undergoing active treatment and in cancer survivors. The best evidence is for aerobic exercise, yoga, cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and psycho-educational interventions. Less strong evidence supports the use of medications such as methylphenidate or ginseng. In patients with advanced disease, it is likely that the mechanisms of fatigue or the factors contributing to fatigue maintenance may be different. Relatively fewer studies have been undertaken in this group and the evidence is correspondingly weaker. The authors recommend the cautious use of aerobic exercise (e.g. walking) in those who are still mobile. The authors advise considering the use of psycho-educational approaches or CBT in those patients who are able to engage in such forms of therapy. In patients near the end-of-life, the authors advise use of dexamethasone (short-term use) and other pharmacological treatments only on the basis of a clinical trial.

BackgroundThe quality of general practice in Myanmar is currently highly variable. No formalised system of revalidation yet exists and so engagement with continuing professional development (CPD) activities and motivation to further one’s own knowledge is sporadic.AimTo train GPs in three key areas; 1) recording CPD activities and maintaining a portfolio logbook; 2) reflecting on learning; and 3) what a future formalised CPD credit system may involve.MethodSixty-one GPs were recruited in March 2019 and given training on the above. Logbooks were issued, which were completed by the GPs while attending a simultaneous 3-month ‘GP CPD Refresher’ course, organised by the GP Society of Myanmar. The logbooks were then marked and individualised feedback given before issuing CPD accredited certificates.ResultsAll GPs agreed the pilot helped them to better understand how to maintain a CPD logbook and the importance of doing so (retention rate = 67%). All GPs also reported they would now be more likely to continue to keep a portfolio. Finally, all GPs surveyed felt a credit reward system, used as tangible evidence of CPD participation, would positively influence their future engagement with CPD.ConclusionImproving general practice is a key component in helping Myanmar develop its healthcare system; one step required is making engagement with CPD compulsory for the revalidation of clinicians. This pilot has highlighted existing inadequacies within current training of GPs, as well as the potential benefits of implementing a CPD credit reward system.

BackgroundPalliative care is an important but often overlooked component of primary care. In Myanmar, early emergence of palliative care is being seen, however no formal community-based services yet exist. Present challenges include resource scarcity and inadequate education and training.AimOur goal was to improve understanding and approach towards palliative care by GPs in Yangon.MethodAn initial survey was performed among 42 GPs in Yangon, Mandalay, and Meiktila in March 2019 demonstrating a gap in current training needs and willingness by GPs for this to be improved. A 2-day workshop, the first ever of its kind, was subsequently designed and held for 20 local GPs, consisting of interactive seminars delivered in Burmese.ResultsImprovement in knowledge and confidence were used as measures of success. A true/false-style quiz was distributed pre- and post-workshop demonstrating a mean total score improvement of 15%. Self-reported confidence rating scores regarding confidence when: 1) managing palliative patients; 2) providing holistic care; and 3) breaking bad news, increased by a mean of 25%.ConclusionThe greatest outcome from this workshop, by far, was the enthusiasm and awareness it generated, support was even gained from the President of the Myanmar Medical Association despite his initial reservations about developing this area. Ultimately, the workshop behaved as an advocate for the introduction of a regular palliative care lecture into the local Diploma in Family Medicine curriculum; it also spurred a group of GPs to further this work and turn the workshop into a regular teaching event.