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This paper presents a historical background on technology transfer policy and programs, and their baseline measurement and evaluation in the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)for the years 1981 through 1992. Specifically, an overview of Departmental research and development (R &D) laboratories briefly highlights the potential return on investment that could be gained through scientific investigation, R&D, and technology application. A historical description of federal technology transfer highlights the enabling legislation. Additionally, a discussion and summary of a 1985 Federal Laboratory Consortium (FLC) study provides a baseline assessment of technology transfer activities within DOE in the mid-1980s. The authors then discuss the findings presented