Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are inflammatory diseases of coronary arteries accompanying atheroma formation that can spawn impairment and, in severe cases, death. CVDs are the leading cause of death in the world. In recent decades, investigators have focused their impact on CVD by periodontal disease (PD). PD is a risk factor that can trigger the formation, maturation, and instability of atheroma in the arteries. Two mechanisms have been proposed to explain this relationship: periodontopathic pathogens explicitly invade the circulation or indirectly increase systemic levels of inflammatory mediators. It has been suggested that improvement in disease state has a positive effect on others. This review summarizes evidence from epidemiological studies as well as researches focusing on potential causation channels to deliver a comprehensive representation of the relationship between PD and CVD.

The efficacy and effectiveness of electric toothbrushes in comparison to manual toothbrushes lead to superior full-mouth and interproximal plaque removal and reduction of gingivitis, periodontitis and dental caries. Additionally, the use of an irrigator has been shown to improve the overall oral health. The aim of this study was to design and develop a utility model for the combined effect of the oral irrigator and tooth brush for maintaining oral health. The design of the modified toothbrushing unit comprises of an electric toothbrush and an oral irrigator. This was achieved by removing the electric toothbrush head to place a drill in the centre of the brush head for the insertion of irrigator head. The irrigator which was attached to a 50 ml water container with a detachable irrigator head powered by a 12 V external battery source was used to pump the water. The outcome was that a multifunctional working model combining the electric tooth brush and oral irrigator is designed successfully. Aqua Brush can be incorporated into the regular oral hygiene regimen making it convenient for the patient as it can be used as a single brushing unit and/or with the added irrigation enhancing the maintenance of oral hygiene.

Background: In the 21st century dentistry has not only reached an epitome of great inventions but also has established a great milestone in achieving efficiency, efficacy and technological advancement. Technology has not only helped dentistry to grow in its value but also has encouraged the dentists to introduce less traumatic procedures. The course of periodontal disease is obvious by the sporadic and intermittent pattern of disease activity and inactivity showing random or alternate exacerbation and remission. Although microbes were considered to be the primary etiology, they were insufficient to cause a disease all by themselves, environmental, systemic and host response were also a part of the etiotrophic factors. Hence, to understand these complexities various assessment tools and advanced diagnostic aids were developed and introduced in practice. The various chair side diagnostic aids include Advanced Periodontal probes, Advanced radiographic diagnosis, Advanced microbial analysis, advanced immunodiagnostic techniques and molecular biological assays, Advanced biomarker identification and genetic testing and Advanced Chair side diagnostic kits. This manuscript reviews the advancement in the recent chair side diagnostic kits which are frequently studied and relied upon.

Surgical cleansing of the defect and the root surface can re-establish periodontal health when proper plaque control is established. However, different surgical techniques have been advocated to conservatively treat intrabony defects. Conservative surgery involves various surgical approaches whichaim at gaining access to the root surface and accomplish the removal of residual debris with no active removal of bone and most often no resection of soft tissues. The underlying objectives towards the procedures aim to facilitate visual access with minimal reduction in the shape and anatomy of the soft or bone tissues along with alteration in the shape and outline of the soft and, occasionally hard tissues, in order to achieve controlled pocket depth reduction. Minimally invasive periodontal surgical approaches and microsurgical techniques are currently being evaluated and may show advantages in wound-healing outcomes and less recession and patient morbidity. In this manuscript, we intend to discuss about certain flaps like saddle flap, laterally stretched flap, book flap and bridge flap along with incisions which are less discussed and have been recently incorporated in the practice with simple and better results.