Introduction: The expression of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and its correlation with the prognosis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains controversial. Objectives: This study aimed to study PD-L1 expression in tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in patients with RCC and its association with clinicopathological factors and survival outcomes. Patients and Methods: PD-L1 expression in tumor cells and TILs was analyzed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) from patients with histologically proven RCC. Results: PD-L1 was positive in tumor cells for 55.8% of patients. PDL-1 expression in TIL was reported in 31.2 % of patients. Patients with PDL1 positive tumor cells had higher median tumor size (P=0.07), higher nuclear grade (P=0.56), and higher lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (P=0.23). Patients with PDL1 positive TILs were significantly associated with larger median pathological tumor size (P=0.02), higher probability of renal fat invasion (P=0.001), higher nuclear grade (P=0.05), higher probability of positive margin (P=0.02), positive LVI (P=0.03), higher pathological T stage (P=0.0004); whereas patients with PDL-1 negative TILs had earlier stage at presentation (stage I-II) (P=0.004). There was no statistically significant difference in disease-free survival (DFS), progression-free survival (PFS), or overall survival (OS) for PD-L1 expression of tumor cells and TILs. Conclusion: PDL1 positivity in TILs and not in tumor cells was significantly associated with more aggressive features, and higher stage. No association was found with DFS, PFS, or OS. These data suggest that PD-L1 expression of TILs in RCC tumors contributes to cancer aggressiveness.

Background Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men. Patients with localized prostate cancer have multiple treatment options including active surveillance, prostatectomy, brachytherapy, and external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). Aim of the Work: to report on the quality of life outcomes in a number of male patients who underwent intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for clinically localized cancer prostate, compared to patients underwent 3D CRT, using licensed Arabic version of FACT-P questionnaire. Patients and Methods The present study included 103 patients diagnosed by localized prostate cancer. Patients files were collected from International medical center and oncology department at Ain Shams University hospital from June 2018 to December 2018. They were divided into two groups: Group I consisted of 51 patients treated using 3D CRT, all of them are under hormonal treatment. They completed a questionnaire at (Month 0) baseline, then on the followup visit, after 3, 6 months (Month 3, 6). Group II consisted of 52 patients treated by IMRT and hormonal treatment, the same dose range and field as 3D CRT. They participated and completed the questionnaire at the same phases (Month 0, 3, 6) with the same methods as the 1st group. Results stability in HRQoL (social and emotional subscales) in 3DCRT and the IMRT groups, and no significant difference among the two groups was observed throughout the follow-up period, although the radiation doses prescribed differed from one another. And showed a significant improvement in scores of (physical, functional and prostate concerns) subscales. Conclusion The two approaches used in this study showed similar patterns of alterations regarding general and disease specific HRQL with mild superiority for IMRT for the first 6 months after radiation therapy. Comparison of results between the 3DCRT and the IMRT groups revealed no substantial degrees of impairment in rectal toxicity and sexual function despite the dose escalation in the IMRT protocol. Thus, IMRT seems to offer a good treatment delivery approach with favorable HRQL outcomes.