Ephedra foeminea is a traditional medicinal plant used in the Eastern Mediterranean region. This study aims to investigate the chemical profiles of different solvent extracts of E. foeminea via an untargeted metabolomics approach, alongside determining their antioxidant capacities. E. foeminea samples collected from Jordan were macerated in solvents of varying polarities; dichloromethane/methanol, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone. The crude extracts were subjected to comprehensive chemical profiling and metabolomics study using Gas chromatography–Mass spectrometry (GC–MS), Liquid chromatography–Mass spectrometry (LC–MS), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The obtained data were analyzed using Venn diagrams, Principle Component Analysis (PCA), and Metabolite Enrichment Set Analysis (MESA). ABTS assay was performed to measure the crude extracts’ antioxidant activity. MESA revealed the dominant chemical groups as amino acids, fatty acids, carboxylic acids, and carbohydrates. Results indicated that dichloromethane/methanol and methanolic extracts had the most distinct composition as well as the most unique compounds. The methanolic extract had the most potency (IC50 249.6 µg/mL) in the ABTS assay. However, no significant differences were found. In conclusion, solvents influenced the recovery of metabolites in E. foeminea and the antioxidant activity of the E. foeminea methanolic extract could be correlated to the abundant presence of diverse bioactive compounds.

A botanic garden is a common institution holding documented collections of well-tended living plants for the purposes of scientific research, conservation, display and education (Botanic Gardens Conservation International, BGCI). Moreover, the botanic garden is a natural place for enjoyment, exhibition of both live and dry specimens and eco-tourism under full management by experts and skilled staff. The botanic gardens are distinguished from public parks in many approaches including: plants are grown for public show in parks, whereas botanic ones are designed in landscaped sites. The type of activities in both involve public but botanical gardens host more organized, scientific and cultural events Although botanic gardens establishment goes to old history of Greek, Romans, Arab and Moslem civilizations, but recent history in the last century has led to more developed and well managed botanical gardens.