Calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) is localized in various organs and plays diverse physiological and pathological roles. Several scientific contributions have suggested the involvement of this cell surface receptor in cardiac and renal diseases. Sepsis is considered to be one of the major causes of ICU admissions. Cardiac dysfunction and acute kidney injury are major manifestations of sepsis and associated with reduced survival. Presently, the treatment approaches for management of sepsis induced cardiac depression and kidney injury are not satisfactory. Activation of CaSR has been demonstrated to induce cardiomyocyte damage upon lipopolysaccaharde (LPS) exposure by enhancing calcium ion levels, ROS (reactive oxygen species) production, promotion of inflammation and apoptosis. In addition, CaSR seems to be a critical regulator of intracellular calcium ion levels, which is directly implicated in induction of mitochondrial dysfunction and release of various pro‐apoptotic pathways during sepsis. Certain evidences have also documented the expression of CaSR on neutrophils and T lymphocytes, where it is involved in activation of neutrophils and induces apoptosis of immune cells. Moreover, the expression of CaSR has been confirmed in podocytes, mesangial cells, proximal tubular cells and its activation is responsible for podocyte effacement, mesangial cell proliferation and proximal tubular cell apoptosis. We have analyzed the existing evidences, and critically discussed the possible mechanisms underlying CaSR activation mediated cardiac and renal dysfunction in sepsis condition.

No abstract

Ureteric obstruction related injuries are becoming dramatic in past decades. For there management, various therapeutic approaches are developed. Moreover, in our present review we summarized the laproscopic and robotic management techniques for obstructive ureteral injuries. Laproscopic and robotic procedures are evolved when ureteral stent treatment start to fail. Here we focused on uretero-ureterostomy and ureteroneocystostomy, psoas hitch and boari flap procedures, transureteroureterostomy, robotic reconstruction, robotic reimplantation, robotic ileal ureter and robotic autotransplantation.

No abstract