Due to the rarity of heteropaternal superfecundation, this case study serves to highlight the importance of being aware of its occurrence, especially within legal and judicial contexts. Results revealed that the two non-identical twins were from different fathers. A maternity test was performed to test the possibility of switching at birth. Results negated this possibility, and maternity was later confirmed using DNA typing. ‫متباينة‬ ‫أبوة‬

Background Y-chromosome STRs are valuable in the forensic identification of male DNA from sexual assault cases, and they are used to link families through genetic genealogy. Materials and methods For Y-STR analysis, 1032 male blood samples were used in this study, direct PCR technique was used for DNA amplification using the PowerPlex® Y23 System, and then PCR product was run with Genetic Analyzer, and the data were analyzed with the Gene Mapper ID Analysis Software. Frequency-based statistical analysis was calculated with GenAlEx 6.5-Genetic Analysis. Results One hundred and eighty-five alleles were detected at the 23 Y-STR loci in 1032 samples. Alleles frequency ranged from 0.002 to 0.813 and the highest allele frequency registered (0.813) for allele 11 at locus DYS392, and the mean haplotype diversity was 0.616 ± 0.027. New variants were registered for DYS458 locus. Conclusion The present study established the genetic information obtained by using the PowerPlex® Y23 System for the Iraqi population and also created a database of 23 Y STR markers in this population.

Quantification of chimerism after bone marrow transplantation is essential for evaluation the successful of engraftment after allogenic stem cells transplantation. The aim of this work is to use STR typing test for identification and quantification the chimerism in bone marrow transplant patients. Two patients subjected to bone marrow transplantation were analyzed. DNA extracted from patients (recipient) blood, cheek swabs and donor cheek swabs. Quantifiler Real time PCR kit was used for DNA quantification. Powerplex21 kit was used for amplification STR loci. STR profiling was performed by Genetic analyzer. DNA extraction and quantification were successfully performed with suitable quantity and purity. STR loci fully amplified and analyzed. In both cases recipient and Donor shared alleles with no DNA mixtures. Few loci showed Type 3 chimerism. In conclusion the results showed that the test successfully identify used for identification and quantification of chimerism in recipient patients. List of abbreviation: DNA= Deoxyribonucleic acid, STR- short tandem repeat, SCT= stem cells transplantation.