This paper presents a multiobjective performance index-based size and location determination of distributed generation in distribution systems with different load models. Normally, a constant power (real and reactive) load model is assumed in most of the studies made in the literature. It is shown that load models can significantly affect the optimal location and sizing of distributed generation (DG) resources in distribution systems. The simulation technique based on genetic algorithms is studied. The studies have been carried out on 16-bus and 37-bus distribution systems.

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Internal Combustion Engine based transportation rapidly increases the impact on the environment. The burning of fossil fuels in the industries and transportation sector breadth of global warming. However, Hybrid Electric Vehicle is not a permanent solution for emission-less road vehicles. Therefore, electric vehicles are the most feasible technologies to attain the goals of energy savings and zero-emission road vehicles. This paper sequentially surveys the key point of vehicles like; Powertrain strategy, configuration, fuel economy, reduced emission, and control strategy expounds in terms of its basic principles, pros, and cons. These key points make the energy management strategy more conclusive for the more efficient vehicle. In addition, this paper review systematically qualitative and quantitative algorithm in all type of EMS used in HEV and compare them with existing approaches in terms of pros & cons through a comprehensive analysis. Furthermore, addressed the potential research gap and provide the directives for further development in power train and ems in every respect.

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