Survival analysis provides a more accurate estimation of true recurrence rate. Protruded discs are more likely to show recurrence than other types.

In lumbar posterior interbody fusion surgery, CaO-SiO-PO-BO glass ceramics spacer showed a similar fusion rates and clinical outcomes compared with titanium cage.

The fusion rate of E.BMP-2 was comparable with that of AIBG following PLF. Good clinical efficacy and safety of E.BMP-2 in spinal fusion were also revealed. It was also suggested that HA shows suitability as a carrier for E.BMP-2. Thus, E.BMP-2 with an HA carrier can be an alternative bone graft material in spinal fusion.