F. Wolf (he/him) 1 | Layla MacKay (she/her) 2 | Sarah E. Haworth (she/her) 1 | Marie-Laurence Cossette (she/her) 1 | Morgan N. Dedato (she/her) 1 | Kiana B. Young (she/her) 1 | Colin I. Elliott (he/him) 2 | Rebekah A. Oomen (she/her) 3,4This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Aim We used genetic tools to examine the population structure of mountain goats in Alaska, USA and assessed the demographic history of this species in relation to the natural and anthropogenic forces. Location Alaska, USA Taxon North American mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) Methods Samples were collected between 2006 - 2020 from harvested animals and live captures. We genotyped 816 mountain goats at 18 microsatellite loci and identified the number of genetically distinct subpopulations across the state and assessed their genetic diversity. We used Bayesian computation software to investigate the demographic history relative to the known biogeographic history of the state. We also simulated island translocation events and compared simulations to empirical data to address the hypothesis that Baranof Island was a cryptic refugia. Results We showed that Alaska has four genetically distinct subpopulations of mountain goats with some additional genetic structure within those subpopulations. The main split of mountain goats between Southcentral and Southeast Alaska occurred ~14,000 years ago. Simulations of translocation events largely aligned with the current populations observed today except for Baranof Island which showed greater diversity than the translocation simulation. Main Conclusions The distribution and genetic structure of mountain goats in Alaska reflects a combination of natural and anthropogenic forces. A rapid northerly expansion through an ice-free corridor in combination with the isolated nature of the landscape led to low diversity and isolation 14,000 years ago in Southcentral Alaska and higher diversity in Southeast Alaska. Two of the three islands where mountain goat translocations have occurred match genetically with their source population, while Baranof Island appears to have a divergent population, consistent with the hypothesis of an endemic or cryptic population prior to the translocation event. This study highlights the value of considering both the natural and anthropogenic forces when assessing the biogeographic history of a species.

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