Recent concerns about the potential for pathogens to be transmitted from managed bumble bees and honey bees to local natural populations of bumble bees and other native pollinators have resulted in questions about the role of pathogen introductions in declines of some native Bombus species. It is in the interest of the bumble bee rearing industry, which succeeds best when managed colonies are healthy and vigorous, and the safety of the environment into which the bees are introduced, to ensure that managed bees are not foci of disease. Visual detection methods using gross pathology and light microscopy, while generally efficacious if a thorough inspection routine is followed, have the disadvantage of detecting most pathogens only after maturation to the transmissible stage. Koppert Biological Systems, the only company currently rearing bumble bees in the US, has instituted a detection method using multiplex real-time PCR to evaluate colonies for presence of three pathogens, Nosema bombi, Crithidia bombi, and Apicystis bombi, all chronic pathogens with potential to build to high prevalence in rearing facilities. Added to a rigorous inspection system, PCR methods ensure that these pathogens are detected quickly and are eliminated.Manejo de enfermedades en la cría masiva de abejorros comerciales, utilizando mé todos de producció n, té cnicas de detecció n por PCR mú ltiple y evaluació n regulatoria Las recientes preocupaciones sobre la posibilidad de que los agentes pató genos se transmitan desde abejorros y abejas manejadas a poblaciones naturales locales de abejorros y otros polinizadores nativos han dado lugar a preguntas sobre el papel de las introducciones de pató genos en el declive de algunas especies nativas de Bombus. Esta cuestió n es de interés en la industria de la cría de abejorros, la cual tiene más éxito cuando las colonias manejadas son sanas y vigorosas, y se tiene en cuenta la seguridad del medio ambiente en el que se introducen, para asegurar que las abejas manejadas no son focos de enfermedades. Aunque en general, los métodos de detecció n visual utilizando la patología macroscó pica y la microscopía son eficaces si se sigue una rutina minuciosa de inspecció n, tienen la desventaja de detectar la mayoría de los agentes pató genos só lo después de la maduració n de la fase contagiosa. Koppert Biological Systems, es la única empresa que actualmente cría abejorros en los EE.UU., ha establecido un método de detecció n utilizando una PCR múltiple en tiempo real para evaluar las colonias para la presencia de tres agentes pató genos, Nosema bombi, Crithidia bombi y Apicystis bombi, todos los pató genos cró nicos con potencial para generar altas prevalencias en las instalaciones de cría. Junto con un sistema de inspecció n rigurosa, los métodos de PCR aseguran que estos pató genos sean rápidamente detectados y eliminados.
Currently, light microscopic examination of cell morphology cannot discriminate Crithidia mellificae and Lotmaria passim with 100% certainty. Here, a minor groove-binding (MGB) probe-based multiplex real-time PCR assay was developed for the simultaneous and quantitative detection of C. mellificae and L. passim in honey bees. A conserved Hymenoptera 18S rRNA gene was built in as an internal control that allows accurate detection of PCR inhibition and failure of DNA extraction. The newly developed assay was also applied to field samples. Of 21 honey bee colonies (446 bees) sampled from six counties in both central and eastern Massachusetts, 3 colonies (14.29%) and 8 bees (1.79%) were infected with L. passim, and 1 colony (4.76%) and 1 bee (0.22%) with C. mellificae. Our data showed a low rate of trypanosomatid infection, and L. passim was more prevalent than C. mellificae in honey bee samples in Massachusetts.
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