Introduction and purpose: This review aims to analyze causes, symptoms and diagnosis of overdosing vitamin D resulting in vitamin D toxicity (VDT).  Material and method: This paper was based on medical articles collected in Pubmed from 2008 to 2021 year. The research has been done by looking through keywords such as “vitamin D” “toxicity”.  Results: The review of studies showed that manifestation of VDT is mainly associated with hypercalcemia and its course can range from asymptomatic to life-threatening, including death. We also draw attention to inappropriate use and widespread of vitamin D products.  Conclusion: There is a high demand for medical health workers to advise patients on possible effects of inappropriate use of vitamin D products and its toxicity. Medical practitioners should be attentive to quickly identify VDT.

Chemokines are involved in many processes, including the normal immune response to infection, as well as pathological processes such as carcinogenesis, autoimmunity and inappropriate inflammatory responses. These processes represent an important aspect in the context of liver disease, its progression and the possibility of inhibiting fibrosis. Chemokines belong to low molecular weight proteins with a wide range of functions affecting cell migration, involving different physiological and pathological processes. Depending on whether they participate in the maintenance of homeostasis during periods of well-being or represent a type of intervention of the organism to its disorders, their secretion by cells is constitutive or induced. This article focuses on the classification, structure and functions of these molecules and their possible involvement in the pathogenesis of liver diseases, as well as the possibilities of therapeutic application of this knowledge.

Abstract   Background: Multiple myeloma is a clonal plasma cell neoplasm which affects 1% of all malignancies. In this article we reviewed epidemiology, symptoms with particular attention to renal failure and its manifestation in multiple myeloma (MM). Material and methods: This paper was based on medical articles collected in PubMed from 2001 to 2022, medical websites and books. The research has been done by looking through key words such as: „multiple myeloma”, „myeloma cast nephropathy”, „bortezomib”, „RANKL” Results: Multiple myeloma has indolent course and many patients present renal disorders at the moment of diagnosis. The use of novel therapies can reverse renal failure. Conclusions: Treatment of the patients with MM and kidney disease is challenging for health care professionals. Doctors have to adjust treatment to provide the best therapeutic effects.

Introduction and purpose  This article aims to compare two guiding methods of cervical cancer screening: cervical cytology  and HPV testing. The objective is to provide information on which method  is currently more relevant in the early detection of precancerous lesions and and therefore should  be more frequently used.        Materials and method  This review was mainly based on articles from around the world collected in Pubmed in 2003-2022, medical books and websites. The research was done by looking through keywords as follows: “cervical cancer”, “cytology”, “HPV testing”.  Results  All selected studies have demonstrated that HPV testing is a more appropriate indicator for initial  high-grade CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) than cytology.  Conclusions  According to the cited researches, the public health system should definitely pay more attention  to HPV testing as the first stage of cervical cancer screening. Moreover,  it should clarify by comparing all advantages and disadvantages of methods, which further diagnostic pathway is the most effective and has the best outcomes for the patients.   Keywords  cervical cancer, cervical screening, cytology, HPV primary screening, HPV testing 

Introduction and purpose:  Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease affecting exocrine glands, mainly salivary glands. A ranula is a type of retention cyst associated with salivary extravasation that develops within the large salivary glands. The most common reason of developing ranula is trauma of bottom of the oral cavity. Damaging the sublingual gland, due to changes in Sjögren’s syndrome, may lead to the development of ranula. The aim of this review is to analyze the possible impact of ranulas on early diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome. Material and method: This review was based on articles collected in PubMed and published in the years 2003-2021 and books from 2009 and 2018. Articles were chosen using keywords such as "Sjögren's syndrome", "ranula", “mucocele” and "early diagnosis". Results: Ranulas are considered to be early clinical signs of Sjögren's syndrome. Undergoing diagnostic imaging in patients with ranulas allows to diagnose Sjögren's syndrome in early stage and implement appropriate therapy. Conclusion: Identification of ranula should suggest implementation of diagnostics of Sjögren's syndrome using imaging methods such as magnetic resonance imaging or ultrasonography. Early diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome is crucial to start the adequate treatment and get better results. It is recommended to include imaging tests in the diagnostic criteria of adolescent and adult SS in order to facilitate the diagnosis at an earlier stage of the disease.