In CKD patients with no cardiovascular symptoms or history and preserved LVEF, STE can identify subclinical abnormalities of both systolic (decreased GLS and GLSR, increased LV twist, and twist rate) and diastolic (decreased GLSRe and increased number of segments with diastolic dysfunction) LV function.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP) in our HIV-positive patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and to investigate correlations with clinical, laboratory and demographic factors. One hundred consecutive HIV-positive patients underwent clinical and electrophysiological evaluation for DSP. Correlations with HIV stage, CD4 count, nadir CD4 count, viral load (VL), disease duration, age, sex and type of antiretrovirals were examined. Thirty-six percent of the patients had DSP (13% clinical, 23% subclinical diagnosed by electrophysiology). The prevalence of DSP was affected in a statistically significant manner by the diagnosis of AIDS (P = 0.00033), age (P = 0.0102), nadir CD4 count (P = 0.0087) and exposure to two neurotoxic antiretrovirals (P = 0.0189). Advanced HIV stage, sex, time from diagnosis, current CD4 count and VL did not seem to affect the prevalence of DSP. Clinical examination plus electrophysiology reveals that DSP affects 36% of patients under HAART, although subclinical in 2/3 of cases. Age, severe prior immunosuppression and the combined use of zalcitabine (ddC), stavudine (d4T) and didanosine (ddI) are important risk factors.

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