The present study examined the relationship between exercise motivational profi les and stages of exercise behavior change. Four hundred and eighty-six Japanese adults participated in this study. In the fi rst analysis, a cluster analysis identifi ed four meaningful clusters in exercise motivational profi les. The fi rst cluster was labeled the 'self-determined motivation profi le' as the participants in this cluster had relatively high levels of intrinsic motivation and identifi ed regulation. The second was the 'moderate motivation profi le' with moderate scores on all measured motivational variables. The third was the 'nonself-determined motivation profi le' as subjects in this group demonstrated higher nonself-determined motivation than self-determined motivation. The last cluster was the 'amotivation profi le', which consisted of participants who had the highest scores in amotivation, and the lowest scores in intrinsic motivation and identifi ed regulation. The second analysis explored how motivational profi les are related to stages of exercise behavior change. Participants in the fi rst cluster were most likely to be classifi ed in the maintenance stage. The results from this study provided the foundation for successful strategies to develop exercise adherence in adults focusing on motivational profi les.

Gastric emptying was improved by mosapride. The results suggested that the period of postoperative ileus following hand-assisted laparoscopic colectomy can be shortened by treatment with mosapride.

This study was designed to examine the psychological benefits of anaerobic exercise for older adults. Specifically, strength training was employed to examine the effects on mood and anxiety in a group of healthy but sedentary older women. 36 women (mean age = 68.5 yr.) were randomly assigned to groups given high intensity or moderate intensity strength training or to a control group. Strength training was conducted three days a week for 12 weeks. After the training period, both high and moderate strength-training programs produced marked improvements in muscle strength and body composition compared to the control subjects. The average improvements in the high and moderate intensity strength-training groups for muscle strength were 40.5 and 35.5%, respectively, and for percent body fat 1.52 and 2.50%, respectively. As for psychological changes, both training groups significantly improved positive mood (vigor), and the moderate intensity group significantly reduced trait anxiety compared to means of the control group. Also, both training groups showed some decrease in tension and state anxiety after the training period. These findings provide evidence for the effectiveness of anaerobic training to enhance perception of psychological well-being in older women. A moderate intensity rather than high intensity of training regimen may be more beneficial for sedentary older women to improve psychological health.

Several studies have shown that the ruminative responses, which are defined as a coping pattern that focuses on the symptoms of depression and on the possible causes and consequences of these symptoms, are associated with depression. Recently, negative rumination, which is defined as the tendency to continue to think about something bad, harmful, or unhopeful for a long time, has been proposed as a vulnerability factor for depression. The purpose of this study was to compare depression scores associated with negative rumination and ruminative responses. We expected to find depression associated with negative rumination. The sample consisted of 188 Japanese undergraduate students (83 men: M age= 19.0 yr., SD= 1.1; 105 women: M age = 19.1 yr., SD = 1.7) taking a human sciences course at a Japanese university. Subjects participated in an 8-mo. longitudinal study. Logistic analysis indicated that negative rumination was a significant predictor of depression. However, ruminative responses as a whole were not a significant predictor of depression after controlling for negative rumination. These findings suggest that it is important to distinguish whether rumination is focused on negative or nonnegative subject matter.

Active drainage of cardiac lymph using hyaluronidase was attempted in dogs. The results were satisfactory and the ischemic myocardium was salvaged. The infract risk area (I/R) ratio decreased after drainage.Regional myocardial ischemia and infarction were provided by means of ligature of the left coronary artery for 120 and 240 minutes respectively. Cardiac lymph was collected by conventional procedures. Enzymes released from the myocardium increased significantly in the cardiac lymph. The volume of cardiac lymph gradually increased after ligature of the coronary artery. Administration of hyaluronidase further increased the cardiac lymph flow and significantly decreased the I/R ratio as determined by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) and methylene blue staining. Drainage of the cardiac lymph salvaged the ischemic myocardium. Reduction of interstitial edema and augmentation of cardiac lymph flow with the hyaluronidase prevented the development of the infarction. This is the first documentation of the effect of active drainage of cardiac iymph on the development of infarction through observation of the I/R ratio.