Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vaccine has recently been developed as an alternative vaccine against virus infection.This study was the first step of DNA vaccine development to protect cyprinids including common carp (Cyprinuscarpio) and fancy koi (Cyprinus carpio) from KHV (koi herpesvirus) infection in Indonesia. One of KHV glycoproteingenes, i.e. glycoprotein (GP) was ligated with Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) â-actin promoter to generatepAct/GP as a DNA vaccine. Fourty fish in body weight of 10-15 g/fish were individually injected by pAct/GP intomuscle in different dosage of 2.5 μg, 7.5 μg and 12.5 μg/100 μl phosphate buffer saline. Total RNA was extractedfrom the 12.5 μg of pAct/GP-injected fish muscle at 24, 48 and 67 hours post-injection to analyze GP expression byRT-PCR method. Potential of pAct/GP as DNA vaccine was examined by injecting KHV into the 30-days-vaccinatedfish. Both of possitive and negative control fish group were not vaccinated. Possitive control fish group wereinjected with KHV, but negative control fish group were not. KHV-challenged fish were reared for 1 month, and thedeath fish were calculated daily. Result of RT-PCR analysis showed that GP gene expression were detected at 3 dpost-injection. Expression of GP in the vaccinated fish groups helped to improve their survival rate after challengedby KHV. All of fish without DNA vaccination had dead 17 days after KHV injection. The results demonstrated thatpAct/GP had high potency to be used as a DNA vaccine against KHV infection in cyprinids.

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ABSTRAKPertumbuhan ikan dapat ditingkatkan menggunakan hormon pertumbuhan rekombinan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji respons pertumbuhan dan ekspresi gen udang vaname, Litopenaeus vannamei setelah direndam dengan hormon pertumbuhan rekombinan ikan kerapu kertang, Epinephelus lanceolatus (rElGH). Pada percobaan pertama, post larva stadia 2 (PL-2) sebanyak 1.500 ekor direndam selama 1 jam dalam 1 liter air laut yang mengandung rElGH lima dosis berbeda, yaitu 150; 15; 1,5; 0,15; dan 0,015 mg/L dan bovine serum albumin 0,01%. Setiap perlakuan diulang 3 kali. Perendaman dilakukan dalam kantong plastik ditambah oksigen (volume air : oksigen = 1:5). Udang dipelihara dalam akuarium volume 60 liter dengan kepadatan 25 ekor/liter sampai PL-14. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dosis 15 mg/L memberikan peningkatan bobot badan, panjang badan, dan sintasan tertinggi (P<0,05) masingmasing sebesar 37,77%; 12,75%; dan 9,45% dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Ekspresi mRNA single insulin binding domain (SIBD) pada PL-14 yang dianalisis dengan realtime PCR menunjukkan kenaikan sebesar 3,3 kali pada udang yang direndam rElGH dibandingkan dengan kontrol, dan dapat dinyatakan bahwa SIBD berperan penting dalam induksi pertumbuhan. Tingkat ekspresi moult inhibiting hormone meningkat sekitar 13%, sedangkan ekspresi cyclopilin A pada udang yang direndam rElGH sama dengan kontrol. Pada percobaan kedua, perendaman PL-2 dalam larutan rElGH dosis 15 mg/L dengan lama waktu 3 jam meningkatkan bobot badan sebesar 62,18% lebih tinggi daripada perendaman 1 jam. Dengan demikian, perendaman udang dalam larutan rElGH meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan ekspresi gen SIBD, dan metode ini dapat berguna dalam peningkatan produksi budidaya.

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An ironic thing that Indonesia as maritime country have insufficiency salt problem. Salt is strategic commodities that can be easily produced by evaporation of sea water and policy salts have been issued since the Dutch colonial era. In 2011 the Government of Indonesia make toward self sufficiency salt policy. This research was aimed to analyze the implementation efectivity of Salt Business Empowerment Program (Pemberdayaan Usaha Garam Rakyat or PUGAR). The research design used purposive and snowball sampling to select 70 respondents in Losarang Village at Indramayu. The data were analyzed by using Quantitative Analysis, Qualitative Analysis, SWOT and MAHP. The result showed PUGAR in Losarang, Indramayu implemented with effectiveness. This is indicated by salt production target achieved and increasing the salt farmer welfare. Implementation PUGAR make salt productivity in Losarang 90,43 ton/ha, increasing salt farmer income, empower 17 the People's Business Group Salt (Kelompok Usaha Garam Rakyat or KUGAR) with the amount of 170 salt farmers, give technological innovation and quality salt production and give job for 778 peoples as salt farmers, farm workers and transport workers. Obtained result IFE of salt bussiness is 2,608 and EFE is 2,673. Moreover the research calculate salt business feasibility that known from B/C ratio > 1, business profit margin, appropriate salt area owned by farmers, business gap analysis of salt and break even analysis. Break even analysis to determine the selling price of the large volume of salt and salt production business people to reach the point of no profit and no loss (break even). Key words: Empowerment, Farmers, Government, PUGAR, Salt, Workers