List of frequently used abbreviations xvTable of common symbols and units xvi 1-58 Chapter summary 1-60 References 1-61 2 CMOS pixel architectures 2-1 2.1 History and technology 2-1 2.2 Photodiode APS 2-2 2.2.1 Structure 2-2 2.2.2 Operation 2-5 2.2.3 Performance 2-9 2.3 Pinned photodiode (4T) 2-11 2.3.1 Structure 2-11 2.3.2 Operation 2-15 2.3.3 Charge storage and full well capacity 2-17 2.3.4 Charge transfer 2-22 2.3.5 Image lag 2-27 2.3.6 Transistor sharing 2-33 2.4 Other PPD-based pixels 2-33 2.4.1 Global reset (5T) 2-33 2.4.2 In-pixel signal storage 2-35 2.4.3 High dynamic range 2-37 2.5 Hybrid and 3D image sensors 2-41 Chapter summary 2-43 References 2-44 3 Advanced image sensor topics 3-1

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