No abstract

Pharmaceutical angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been shown to reduce arterial stiffness; the possible effect of food-derived putative ACE inhibitory peptides on this degenerative process, however, has not been reported. In the present study, casein hydrolysate containing the lactotripeptides, Val-Pro-Pro (VPP) and Ile-Pro-Pro (IPP), which has been found to have an antihypertensive effect in a number of clinical studies, was investigated for its ability to improve hemodynamic parameters, including central systolic blood pressure (cSBP), in hypertensive subjects. Twelve hypertensive subjects who were not on prescribed medication were monitored for various hemodynamic parameters, including brachial blood pressure (peripheral blood pressure), cSBP, and augmentation index (AI), at the start and then after 3, 6, and 9 weeks of a daily treatment comprising four tablets containing VPP and IPP. Compared with basal levels, treatment with casein hydrolysate for 6 and/or 9 weeks showed a significant reduction in peripheral systolic and diastolic blood pressure, AI, and cSBP, but not in heart rate or pulse pressure. cSBP showed a reduction sooner and greater (-21.8 mm Hg) than did brachial systolic blood pressure (-16.4 mm Hg) during the 9-week treatment. Although small and not placebo-controlled, this study suggests that continuous intake of VPP and IPP might have the potential to improve arterial stiffness as well as cSBP and peripheral brachial blood pressure.

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is characterized by persistent and severe pain after trauma or surgery; however, its molecular mechanisms in the peripheral nervous system are poorly understood. Using proteomics, we investigated whether injured peripheral nerves of CRPS patients have altered protein profiles compared with control nerves. We obtained nerve samples from 3 patients with CRPS-2 who underwent resection of part of an injured peripheral nerve. Sural nerves from fresh cadavers with no history of trauma or neuropathic pain served as controls. Proteomic analysis showed that the number and functional distribution of proteins expressed in CRPS and control nerves was similar. Interestingly, metallothionein was absent in the injured nerves of CRPS-2, although it was readily detected in control nerves. Western blotting further confirmed the absence of metallothionein in CRPS-2 nerves, and immunohistochemistry corroborated the deficiency of metallothionein expression in injured nerves from 5 of 5 CRPS patients and 2 of 2 patients with painful neuromas. In contrast, all control nerves, including 5 sural nerves from fresh cadavers and 41 nerves obtained from surgically resected tumors, expressed MT. Furthermore, expression of S100 as a marker for Schwann cells, and neurofilament M as a marker of axons was comparable in both CRPS-2 and controls. Metallothioneins are zinc-binding proteins that are probably involved in protection against injury and subsequent regeneration after CNS damage. Their absence from the injured peripheral nerves of patients with CRPS-2 suggests a potential pathogenic role in generating pain in the damaged peripheral nerves.

No abstract

These results indicate that low BMD and prevalent vertebral fracture pose an independent risk for future immobilization in postmenopausal Japanese women.