Objective: To compare maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with chronic hypertension by maternal race and ethnicity.
Methods: A retrospective cohort study of women with chronic hypertension from the Consortium on Safe Labor (2002-2008). Maternal self-reported race and ethnicity were analyzed as non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic. Maternal outcomes included cesarean birth, postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), blood transfusion, placental abruption, eclampsia, maternal intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and death. Neonatal outcomes included preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW), small for gestational age (SGA), 5-minute Apgar <7, respiratory distress syndrome, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, sepsis, and death. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to examine the association between maternal race and ethnicity and perinatal outcomes.
Results: A total of 2,729 women were included. In unadjusted analysis, non-Hispanic white women had higher rates of placental abruption, and Hispanic women had higher rates of placental abruption and eclampsia. In multivariable analysis, non-Hispanic black continued to have higher odds of placental abruption (aOR 4.16, 95% CI 1.29-18.70), but the rest of the maternal outcomes did not differ between the groups. When comparing neonatal outcomes, preterm birth, SGA and LBW were more frequent in, 5-minute Apgar <7non-Hispanic black and Hispanic women compared with non-Hispanic white women. In addition, 5-minute Apgar <7 and neonatal sepsis were more frequent in non-Hispanic black neonates and neonatal death was more frequent in Hispanic neonates, compared with non-Hispanic white women. In multivariable regression, neonates of non-Hispanic black women had higher odds of PTB, SGA, LBW, 5-min Apgar<7, and sepsis compared with non-Hispanic white women. Similarly, neonates of Hispanic women had higher odds of SGA, LBW, and death.
Conclusion: Significant racial and ethnic disparities were identified mainly in neonatal outcomes of women with chronic hypertension.