This paper examines the negative impact of the paralysis observed in the World Trade Organization (WTO) functioning on international business. We provide an overview of the loopholes in the WTO rules and principles which became serious threats for the multilateral trading system. Our research identifies important loopholes in the MFN clause, DSB and Appellate Body. We bring clarity that the paralysis observed in the WTO functioning is a consequence of these factors. The deviations and exceptions of the WTO rules permit the WTO members to compete “unfairly”. China is among the economies which are the most efficient in this respect. We term China’s behaviour on the global market as “economic factitious disorder”. It can be explained as permanently maintaining the status of a developing country by China and using preferences for LDCs despite a really high level of economic development. These findings indicate that the WTO lacks the mechanism to react and to prevent such abuses. They were not envisaged by the WTO creators, which suggests the need of the WTO reform. We contribute to international business research and the international organizations literature by identifying the causes of the paralysis of the WTO functioning.
Streszczenie: W artykule podjęto problem nowego trendu w regionalizmie, jakim jest tworzenie między-regionalnych porozumień handlowych, zwłaszcza w regionie Azji-Pacyfiku. Jest to problem ważny, ponieważ region transpacyficzny odgrywa coraz istotniejszą rolę w gospodarce światowej. Jednym z negocjowanych ugrupowań jest Porozumienie RCEP 1 , które ma zintegrować w tym regionie gospodarki 16 krajów: 10 państw należących do ugrupowania ASEAN oraz Australię, Chiny, Indie, Japonię, Koreę Płd. i Nową Zelandię (6 państw). Badania przeprowadzono posługując się metodą opisową na podstawie analizy literatury przedmiotu oraz publikacji WTO, rządów uczestniczących krajów oraz dokumentów dotyczących negocjacji RCEP. Opracowanie jest przyczynkiem do dyskusji nad ekspansją regionalizmu. słowa kluczowe: RCEP, regionalizm, strefy wolnego handlu (FTAs), międzyregionalne porozumienia handlowe (C-RTA), WTO wprowadzenie Od wielu lat procesy międzynarodowej integracji ekonomicznej są dominującym elementem międzynarodowych stosunków ekonomicznych. Koresponduje to ze szczególnym zakresem i intensywnością proliferacji preferencyjnych (regionalnych) porozumień handlowych (preferential trade agreements, PTA; regional trade ageements, RTA), jaki ma miejsce od początku lat 90. XX wieku (trzecia fala regionalizmu) (Żołądkiewicz, 2012, s. 199-202), a zwłaszcza od powstania Światowej Organizacji Handlu (WTO) (Hoekman, Kostecki, 2011, s. 50). Do lutego 2016 roku notyfikowano 625 porozumień, z tej liczby 419 umów pozostaje w mocy. Spośród nich strefy wolnego handlu (FTA) stanowiły prawie 90%, a unie celne mniej niż 10% 2 . Liberalizacja oparta na handlu preferencyjnym (regionalizacja), będąca wyjątkiem od sformalizowanych zasad, norm, reguł i procedur WTO, staje się (współcześnie) jednym z głównych instrumentów liberalizacji handlu światowego. Sprzyja temu trwający impas wielostronnej liberalizacji w ramach negocjacji Rundy Dohijskiej (DDA) na forum WTO
The subject of this paper is the presentation of BA and MA International Business (IB) studies in English as a new practice on the Polish educational market. The main objective of this paper is to examine the IB studies programmes in English at the University of Gdansk - (UG) and to present the practical approach of their functioning combined with some recommendations. The results show that the UG has established competitive and attractive programmes, although at lower cost levels compared to universities in other countries where the IB studies have longer tradition and good reputation. It is considered that IB studies cement the international position of UG. This article presents both quantitative and qualitative data.
The World Trade Organization (WTO), an international organization established in 1995, plays a special role of the global rules-based anchor that makes trade relations fairer and predictable. One of the challenges confronting WTO is to enhance liberal trade policies. Governments recognised the importance of trade liberalisation as a means to economic growth and progress. Open markets, non-discrimination, and transparency in international trade are essential to foster world economy through trade on the basis of global competitiveness. Thus, respecting various aspects of the multilateral trade disciplines is indispensable to boost trade and to support development strategy of the world economy. Global economic crisis revealed however, a number of major deficiencies within the WTO system. Among some significant weaknesses drawing an attention are: difficulties to resist protectionist pressures, the issue of efficiency of the WTO system for the actual "traders", and the issue of universal membership. The purpose of the paper is to discuss these potential dangers as there is a need for increased vigilance to support the WTO system fulfilling its objectives. In general, deficiencies of the WTO system require members to work together to ensure its strength and vibrancy to adapt and adjust to existing and emerging trade priorities, especially in the context of the paralysis in the negotiating functions of the WTO (fears about unsuccessful conclusion of the Doha Round).
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