No abstract

There is a common belief that planning is a key element of effective and efficient management of an enterprise. The budgeting process is a complex task, requiring making many decisions in various areas and taking into account variables dependent also on the specificity of the enterprise. Present- ing both the expected benefits and the disadvantages and costs of a traditional budgeting process provides the basis for further considerations aimed at finding solutions that bring the expected benefits, while minimizing the disadvantages of the solution and adapting them to current expec- tations. There are voices that the traditional budgeting process should be completely abandoned. A postulate appears that budgeting in the form it is currently in use should be abolished. This may sound like a radical proposal, but it would only be the culmination of long-term efforts to trans- form organizations from centralized hierarchies into decentralized networks that allow for flexible adaptation to market conditions.

The aim of the considerations in the article (the authors intend to deepen the analysis in subsequent studies on the role of the social responsibility in the management processes of the local government unit and identify the most important international standards of social responsibility) is to present the phenomenon of social responsibility reporting of local government units and the conclusions resulting from the management of these units. The examined issues focus on determining whether it is possible to adapt the concept of the scope of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in local government units and the ways of including it in the management strategies of local government units.

The purpose of the article is to present the activities carried out by the Warsaw School of Economics, including the Department of Economics and Finance of the Local Government, aimed at both activities aimed at the diversified development of the broader sense - the activities of the Universities in this respect and in the strict sense, i.e. the activities of one of the departments, i.e. the Department of Economics and Finance of the Local Government within research and development at the local government level. The activities in the area of sustainable development include the membership to the Sustainable Development Goals Accord, the seat of the Polish branch of OIKOS International . On the other hand, activities in the field of sustainable development strictly mean activities in the field of research and development as well as conducting lectures and postgraduate studies in the field of sustainable development in the broad sense of the word. These activities are carried out by the mentioned department. The activities are therefore implemented on a large scale in order to increase the promotion of the idea of sustainable development in order to support the idea of sustainable development at every possible level, from national to local.

The purpose of the article is to describe the state of the financial market during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The financial environment is facing new questions about the future, one of which concerns the role played by cryptocurrencies in the coming years. In recent years the cryptocurrency market has been experiencing spectacular growth, with more than 5,500 cryptocurrencies now in existence worldwide. They can either be used as safe haven currencies that provide protection against market volatility or as a payment system with the prospect of consolidation. Whatever the case may be, the pandemic circumstances favour the development of these digital assets. The crisis generated by the pandemic has also affected the value of bitcoin, which has been quite volatile. While it seems to be recovering, the near future is uncertain. The uncertainty brought about by the coronavirus health crisis has caused a general collapse in the stock markets. In this context, the authors review the behaviour of bitcoin, with its dips and recoveries, which can occur in a matter of a few hours. The first months of national lockdowns were mainly marked by social issues. When social distancing has become the norm, cryptocurrencies can play a bigger role than they did previously, driving the evolution of money away from cash in the direction of cashless society.