Sa že takKo re la ci ja je sta tis tič ki pos tu pak za iz ra ču na va nje po ve za nos ti dvi ju va ri jabli. Vri jed no st ko re la ci je broj ča no se is ka zu je koe fi ci jen tom ko re la ci je, naj češ će Pear so no vim ili Spear ma no vim, dok se zna čaj no st koe fi ci jen ta is ka zu je vri jednoš ću P. Koe fi ci je nt ko re la ci je po ka zu je u ko joj su mje ri prom je ne vri jed nos ti jed ne va ri jab le po ve za ne s promje na ma vri jed nos ti dru ge va ri jab le. Pred znak koe fi ci jen ta ko re la ci je (+ ili -) go vo ri nam o smje ru po ve za nos ti. Pri li kom iz raču na va nja ko re la ci je naj češ će se pog r ješ ke od no se na uv je te za iz ra ču na va nje ko re la ci je, tu ma če nje koe fi ci jen ta i zna čaj no st ko re la ci je, vi so ke koe fi ci jen te ko re la ci je, pret pos tav lja nje uz roč no-pos lje dič ne ve ze, ja či nu po ve za nos ti (koe fi ci je nt de ter mi na ci je), te us po red bu dva koe fi ci jen ta ko re la ci je. Ključ ne ri je či: ko re la ci ja, Pear so nov koe fi ci je nt ko re la ci je, Spear ma nov koe fici jent ko re la ci je, koe fi ci je nt de ter mi na ci je, pog r ješ ka, sta tis ti ka Ab stra ctCor re la tion is a sta tis ti cal pro ce du re ap plied to cal cu la te as so cia tion be tween two va riab les. The va lue of cor re la tion is nu me ri cal ly shown by a coeffi cie nt of cor re la tion, mo st of ten by Pear so n's or Spear ma n's coeffi cie nt, whi le the sig ni fi can ce of the coeffi cie nt is expres sed by P value. The coeffi cie nt of cor rela tion shows the exte nt to whi ch chan ges in the va lue of one va riab le are corre la ted to chan ges in the va lue of the ot her. A si gn pre ce di ng the coeffi cie nt of cor re la tion (+ or -) in di ca tes the di rec tion of cor re la tion. The mo st freque nt er ro rs in cal cu la ti ng cor re la tion are re la ted to con di tio ns for cal cu la tion, in terpre ta tion of the coeffi cie nt and cor re la tion sig ni fi can ce, hi gh cor re la tion coeffi cien ts, as sum ption of cau sal re la tion ship, the stren gth of cor re la tion (coefficie nt of de ter mi na tion), and com pa ri son of two cor re la tion coeffi cien ts. Key wor ds: cor re la tion, Pear so n's cor re la tion coeffi cie nt, Spear ma n's cor re lation coeffi cie nt, coeffi cie nt of de ter mi na tion, er ror, sta tis ti cs Što tre ba zna ti ka da iz ra ču na va mo koe fi ci je nt ko re la ci je? What we need to know when cal cu la ti ng the coeffi cie nt of cor re la tion?Mar ti na Udovičić 1 , Kse ni ja Baždarić 1 , Li di ja Bi li ć-Zul le 1,2 , Mla den Pet ro več ki 1,3 1 Katedra za me di cin sku in for ma ti ku, Me di cin ski fa kul tet Sveu či liš ta u Ri je ci, Ri je ka
Similar ethical difficulties are present in the clinical practice of both physicians and nurses, with important differences in access and use of ethics support services. A need for systematic ethics educational activities was identified. Inclusion of individual ethics consultants in Croatian healthcare ethics support services is strongly advised.
To assess the prevalence of plagiarism in manuscripts submitted for publication in the Croatian Medical Journal (CMJ). All manuscripts submitted in 2009-2010 were analyzed using plagiarism detection software: eTBLAST, CrossCheck, and WCopyfind. Plagiarism was suspected in manuscripts with more than 10% of the text derived from other sources. These manuscripts were checked against the Déjà vu database and manually verified by investigators. Of 754 submitted manuscripts, 105 (14%) were identified by the software as suspicious of plagiarism. Manual verification confirmed that 85 (11%) manuscripts were plagiarized: 63 (8%) were true plagiarism and 22 (3%) were self-plagiarism. Plagiarized manuscripts were mostly submitted from China (21%), Croatia (14%), and Turkey (19%). There was no significant difference in the text similarity rate between plagiarized and self-plagiarized manuscripts (25% [95% CI 22-27%] vs. 28% [95% CI 20-33%]; U = 645.50; P = 0.634). Differences in text similarity rate were found between various sections of self-plagiarized manuscripts (H = 12.65, P = 0.013). The plagiarism rate in the Materials and Methods (61% (95% CI 41-68%) was higher than in the Results (23% [95% CI 17-36%], U = 33.50; P = 0.009) or Discussion (25.5 [95% CI 15-35%]; U = 57.50; P < 0.001) sections. Three authors were identified in the Déjà vu database. Plagiarism detection software combined with manual verification may be used to detect plagiarized manuscripts and prevent their publication. The prevalence of plagiarized manuscripts submitted to the CMJ, a journal dedicated to promoting research integrity, was 11% in the 2-year period 2009-2010.
The aim of this study was to assess nurses' and physicians' ethical dilemmas in clinical practice. Nurses and physicians of the Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka were surveyed (N=364). A questionnaire was used to identify recent ethical dilemma, primary ethical issue in the situation, satisfaction with the resolution, perceived usefulness of help, and usage of clinical ethics consultations in practice. Recent ethical dilemmas include professional conduct for nurses (8%), and near-the-end-of-life decisions for physicians (27%). The main ethical issue is limiting life-sustaining therapy (nurses 15%, physicians 24%) and euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (nurses 16%, physicians 9%). The types of help available are similar for nurses and physicians: obtaining complete information about the patient (37% vs. 50%) and clarifying ethical issues (31% vs. 39%). Nurses and physicians experience similar ethical dilemmas in clinical practice. The usage of clinical ethics consultations is low. It is recommended that the individual and team consultations should be introduced in Croatian clinical ethics consultations services.
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