In recent years, China has expanded its relations with other nations through the Belt and Road Initiative. This initiative was formally introduced after it was launched in 2013 by President Xi Jinping. It comprises two components, namely, the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road Initiative, both of which aim to stimulate the acceleration of economic growth in Asia, Africa and Europe. This research attempts to provide a detailed review of the execution of this initiative through empirical studies based on qualitative analysis, which are closely related to BRI implementation in Malaysia. The focus of this research, however, is not limited to studying the viewpoints of leaders and scholars on the initiative; rather, it will also attempt to discuss theBRI’s progress and the obstacles encountered to date from the political aspects of both China and Malaysia. By identifying the potential challenges to come, this research will prove to be significant, as it proposes some comprehensive measures to address and forestall any setbacks that may arise, which may affect the implementation of the BRI between the two nations. Keywords: Belt and Road Initiative (BRI); Malaysia–China relations; Silk Road; China–ASEAN relations; Maritime Silk Road A

No abstract

No abstract

The Treaty of Saigon, signed on March 15, 1874, stated that Vietnam recognized the full sovereignty of France over Cochin China (South Vietnam). Although France returned Hanoi, the Vietnamese emperor was edgy and sought assistance from China. Consequently, both France and China claimed sovereignty over Vietnamese territory. China move to address the conflict in Vietnam generated polemics among the Chinese mandarin officers who sought to obtain a comprehensive resolution. However, a dispute arose among them and led to a different solution. This article attempts to examine China's various approaches in this conflict and, secondly considers the extend to which it prevented France from disrupting the protectorate relationship that existed between China and Vietnam under the tributary system. By looking at the response of the Chinese government towards Vietnam's disputed sovereignty and its efforts to prevent French colonisation, this study help us to understand the relevance of the tributary system as a mechanism of Sino-Vietnamese relations even though it had existed for centuries ago and was being challenged in that crucial era. Pengenalan Perjanjian Saigon 1874 yang ditandatangani pada 15 Mac dengan Vietnam tidak memberi kepuasan kepad a Perancis lantaran hubungan antara Vietnam dengan China masih diteruskan kerana kedua-dua buah negara tersebut tidak mematuhi butiran perjanjian tersebut. Ini

No abstract