Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) has a significant impact on all aspects of human life in the world, especially in Indonesia which is very large in area and has a large population (around 267 million people) with different kinds of professions. The purpose of this study is to focus on civil matters, with more emphasis on the problem of agreements that are influenced by Covid-19. The normative legal research method uses a statutory approach, and a conceptual approach to force majeure and describes an analysis (analytical descriptive). The results showed that the agreement in the state of the Covid-19 outbreak greatly influenced the implementation of the agreement set and agreed upon by the parties, because the agreement binds the parties, so the parties are subject to the contents of the agreement.

No abstract

During the northwest monsoon (NWM), southerly flow off the Natuna Islands appeared as the extension of the turning Vietnam coastal jet, known as Natuna off-shelf current (NOC). NOC is generated by the interaction of wind stress and the North Natuna Sea’s bottom topography. The purposes of the present study is to investigate the vertical variability of NOC and its relation to El Niňo Southern Oscillation (ENSO) using Marine Copernicus reanalysis data. The vertical variability refers to the spatial distribution of NOC pattern at the surface layer, thermocline layer, and deep/bottom layer.  in 2014 as representative of normal ENSO condition. To investigate the effect of ENSO, the spatial distribution of NOC in 2011 and 2016 were compared which represent the La Niňa and El Niňo conditions, respectively. The results show that NOC starts to generate at the southeast monsoon season to the transition I season and peaks in the northwest monsoon season. The occurrence of NOC is identified at all depth layers with the weakened NOC at the deep layer. Related to the ENSO effect, La Niňa tends to strengthen NOC while El Niňo tends to weaken NOC. These are releted with the strengthening and weakening northerly wind speed during La Niňa and El Niňo, Respectively. During La Niňa events, the NOC occurs more frequently than during El Niňo. Thus, beside affecting the magnitude of NOC, ENSO also influence the frequency occurrence of NOC.

Perairan Muara Sungai Tapak, Semarang merupakan saluran sungai yang melalui kawasan padat penduduk. Seiring dengan meningkatnya pertumbuhan penduduk, kebutuhan deterjen sebagai bahan pembersih cenderung meningkat, hal ini diketahui dari meningkatnya usaha laundry. Limbah dari kegiatan laundry dapat menyebabkan pencemaran. Surfaktan pada deterjen dapat menimbulkan busa yang mengganggu pemandangan serta mengganggu proses fotosintentesis. Senyawa fosfat dalam deterjen di perairan juga dapat menyebabkan eutrofikasi. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Oktober 2019 di Perairan Muara Sungai Tapak Semarang, untuk mengetahui kandungan pencemar deterjen, Indeks Kualitas Air (IKA), Indeks Pencemaran (IP) dan kualitas perairan. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode survei dengan teknik purposive sampling. Lokasi sampling terdapat 8 stasiun dengan 3 titik (badan sungai, muara dan laut). Pengambilan sampel menggunakan botol sampel yang kemudian dibawa ke Balai Besar Teknologi Pencegahan Pencemaran Industri (BBTPPI) untuk dianalisis konsentrasi deterjennya dengan metode MBAS. Konsentrasi deterjen di stasiun 1 dan 2 sebesar 0,026 mg/L dan 0,017 mg/. Adapun konsentrasi deterjen di stasiun 3 sampai 8 sebesar <0,010 mg/L, karena konsentrasi deterjen yang terlalu kecil, sehingga tidak dapat terdeteksi oleh alat yang digunakan, yaitu spektrofotometer. Indeks Kualitas Air (IKA) di Perairan Muara Sungai Tapak Semarang berkisar antara nilai 1,627 – 1,710 dan Indek Pencemaran (IP) berkisar antara nilai 1,787 – 1,975 yang termasuk tercemar ringan. Kualitas air di Perairan Muara Sungai Tapak masih dalam kisaran baik bagi vegetasi mangrove. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa, konsentrasi deterjen belum melebihi baku mutu yaitu 0,2 mg/L.

Panjang Island is one of the islands which is categorized as a small island and is located in Jepara District, Jepara Regency, Central Java Province. The problem faced by Panjang Island is erosion, which increasingly erodes the shoreline and begins to damage buildings on the beach. A solution that is effective enough to overcome erosion or changes in the coastline is to build coastal shelters to reduce wave energy and increase sediment supply. The purpose of this study is to study the exact location of the submerged breakwater from aspects of wave parameters. The method used is wave forecasting and numerical wave model scenarios for submerged breakwater structures. The results showed wave height forecasting results in the western season (December, January, and February) is 2.66 meters, in the first transition season (March, April, May) is 2.14 meters, at east season (September, October, December) 1.45 meters, in the second transition season (June, July, August) is 2.26 meters. The model simulation results with a scenario based on the plan show the most effective damping in the east season with a reduction of 52.26%.