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We report the observation of the carbon nanostructures simply obtained from the sol-gel process using zirconium alkoxide with subsequent heat-treatment. A Raman study showed that the well-defined D and G active modes in multi-walled carbon nanotube similarly appeared in the sample prepared at 350 and 400 . Those disappeared when the sample was heat-treated above 450 , at which its phase fully transformed to zirconia. We observed through HRTEM that either sphere or tube-like carbon nanostructure appeared dispersedly or in a cluster among the oxide aggregates at 350 and 400 . Our study demonstrated that both of the two carbon nanostructures occurred in an intermediate related to carbonization, which may exist during the heat-treatment even in air

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Improved knowledge and a better understanding of the functions of bacterial communities are vital for effective crop disease management. This study was conducted to study a bacterial community’s relationship with the common scab in four different potato varieties (Dejima, DJ; Atlantic, DS; Seohong, SH; Haryeong, HY) at two different locations (Gangneung and Chuncheon) and spatial locations (rhizosphere and furrow) at two different times (preharvest and postharvest). In addition, metagenomic sequencing was performed by extracting genomic DNA from soil samples to observe the dominant bacterial microbes and disease severity of the common scab in all the tested varieties in spatial location and time. The results suggest that the most dominant bacterial phyla in all the soil samples were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Additionally, Streptomyces spp. were found to be more abundant in the susceptible variety (DJ) than in other varieties (DS, SH, and HY). Interestingly, bacterial communities were found to be more diverse across the two different geographical locations, spatial locations, and harvesting times, rather than the variety of potato, according to PCoA analysis. There were no interlinked changes in bacterial communities among the varieties. Moreover, the 14 most dominant bacterial genus correlation networks with Streptomyces spp. suggested that there was a significant positive and negative correlation to some extent. Alpha and beta diversity results clearly indicated that the possible reason for differences in bacterial communities might have been due to the different spatial locations, in comparison with varieties, which suggests that there was no significant correlation between bacterial community richness and diversity among the varieties.

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