Although early glaucoma detection is important to prevent visual loss due to disease progression, its clinical diagnosis in highly myopic eyes is still difficult. Many studies using optical coherence tomography (oct) angiography (octA) reported decreased vessel density (VD) in glaucomatous eyes compared to normal eyes. We evaluated the diagnostic ability of peripapillary VD and macular VD measured by octA, comparing them with conventional valuables such as peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness and macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness measured by OCT. We also calculated the average VD ratio (VDR) (average outer macular VD/average inner macular VD), superior VDR (superior outer macular VD/average inner macular VD), and inferior VDR (inferior outer macular VD/average inner macular VD). Totally, 169 eyes from 169 subjects were enrolled. Among OCTA measurements, the best diagnostic parameters were average VDR (AUROC: 0.852 and 0.909) and inferior VDR (AUROC: 0.820 and 0.941) in nonhighly and highly myopic eyes, respectively. inferior VDR showed better diagnostic ability than most of the other oct measurements including peripapillary RNFL thickness and macular GCIPL thickness in highly myopic eyes. Accordingly, OCTA measurements can be useful for diagnosing glaucoma in highly myopic eyes, especially when using calculated indices such as average VDR or inferior VDR.Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy characterised by retinal ganglion cell loss and visual field (VF) change 1 . Early detection of glaucoma is important to prevent visual loss caused by disease progression. However, clinical diagnosis of glaucoma in myopic eyes is often difficult 2 . The evaluation of the optic disc is especially difficult in highly myopic eyes because of considerable morphologic variations 3 . The retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) can also be mistaken for glaucoma as they increase in thinness as the axial length increases 4,5 .Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) has grown in importance in diagnosing glaucoma, allowing clinicians to assess structural changes in the optic disc and macula 6-10 . Further, recent studies have shown that peripapillary vessel density (VD) and macular VD, as measured by OCT angiography (OCTA), in glaucoma eyes are reduced 11,12 . Interestingly, a recent study reported that peripapillary VD well correlated with VF defects in both non-highly and highly myopic eyes 13 . Therefore, peripapillary VD or macular VD could be useful for glaucoma detection in highly myopic eyes, despite reports that macular VD measurements are not better than macular GCIPL thickness measurements for glaucoma detection in non-highly myopic eye 14 . To the best of our knowledge, few studies have compared the diagnostic ability of peripapillary VD and macular VD for glaucoma detection in highly myopic eyes.In this study, we compared the diagnostic ability of peripapillary VD and macular VD for glaucoma and compared it with that of...

Currently, there is no effective treatment for metastatic uveal melanoma (UVM). Here, we aimed to identify the mechanism involving intrinsic chemoresistance of metastatic UVM and the relevant therapeutic targets for UVM. We analyzed cohorts of 80 and 67 patients with primary UVM and skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM), respectively, using The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset. Mutational burdens identified by whole exome sequencing were significantly lower in UVM than in SKCM patients. COSMIC mutational signature analysis identified that most of the mutations in UVM patients (>90%) were associated with spontaneous deamination of 5-methylcytosine or defective mismatch repair. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the MYC signature was more enriched in UVM patients, as compared to SKCM patients. Fifty-nine (73.8%) of 80 UVM patients showed gains in MYC copy number, and a high MYC copy number was associated with aggressive clinicopathological features of tumors and poor survival. Kinome-wide siRNA library screening identified several therapeutic targets, reported as synthetic lethal targets for MYC-addicted cancers. Notably, UVM cell lines showed high susceptibility to a WEE1 inhibitor (MK-1775; adavosertib) at a clinically tolerable dose. Overall, our study identified high MYC activity in UVM, and suggested G2/M checkpoint inhibitors as effective therapeutic targets for UVM.

Purpose. To investigate ocular surface diseases and changes in the quality of life (QOL) of patients using glaucoma medications. Methods. Participants were divided into the normal (31 individuals, 62 eyes) and glaucoma medication (30 patients, 60 eyes) groups. Changes in tear break-up time (TBUT), lipid layer thickness (LLT), corneal and conjunctival staining scores, ocular surface disease index (OSDI), and visual function questionnaire 25 (VFQ-25) score were assessed for 1 year.Results. The change in mean LLT was lower in glaucomatous eyes than in control eyes (P = 0.019) after 1 year. The results of OSDI deteriorated (P' = 0.008), but conjunctival staining and Schirmer test results showed improvement in glaucomatous eyes compared to those in control eyes (P' =0.035 and 0.009, respectively). The average LLT decreased at 6 and 12 months, but there was no change at 24 months. In pairwise analysis, the decrease in LLT over the first 6 months was statistically significant (P < 0.001), and remained unchanged until 24 months. Among the VFQ items, scores for near activity and social function deteriorated over 1 year in the medication group (P' = 0.033 and 0.015, respectively).However, there was no difference in the total VFQ score.Conclusions. Significant reduction in LLT and deterioration of OSDI were observed in the medication group compared to the control group. However, this deterioration was observed only in the first 6 months.There was no significant difference in the VFQ total score. Nonetheless, there were significant differences in near activity and social function between the control and medication groups. Therefore, the results of this study showed that although glaucoma medication worsened eye dryness, the change was limited and did not worsen the QOL. Glaucoma medication should be used with the consideration that they can limit near activity and social functioning.