The femtocell concept aims to combine fixed-line broadband access with cellular telephony using the deployment of ultra-low-cost, low-power third generation (3G)

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This paper reviews the Alcatel-Lucent Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) base station router (BSR)-a radio access network (RAN) andmobility for nomadic mobile terminals, and authentication and security functions.To deliver CS voice services in a traditional UMTS system, typically four network elements are required to connect the mobile phone to a PSTN. A typical UMTS system uses a node B (i.e., the base station), a radio network controller (RNC), a mobile switching center (MSC), and a gateway MSC (GMSC). In short, the RNC maintains a bi-directional circuit through one or more radio channels from one or more base stations to the phone. Toward the core network, the circuit is patched through the MSC and GMSC to the PSTN. Media conversion from heavily compressed over-the-air voice samples to 64 kilobits per second (kbps) m-Law or A-Law [24] is performed in media gateways embedded in the MSC or GMSC.To provide IP services to a mobile phone, the radio access network (RAN) portion of the system (i.e., node B and RNC) is shared by the circuit and packet domain. While the encoding over the air is different

brought to light the deficiencies of current communication capabilities when first responders from different agencies and organizations were unable to communicate and exchange critical and potentially lifesaving information. This inability to communicate