The Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) provides multiple simultaneous highresolution full-disk images of the corona and transition region up to 0.5 R above the solar limb with 1.5-arcsec spatial resolution and 12-second temporal resolution. The AIA consists of four telescopes that employ normal-incidence, multilayer-coated optics to provideThe Solar Dynamics Observatory

Abstract:The Hinode satellite (formerly Solar-

The Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) small explorer spacecraft provides simultaneous spectra and images of the photosphere, chromosphere, transition region, and corona with 0.33 -0.4 arcsec spatial resolution, two-second temporal resolution, and 1 km s −1 velocity resolution over a field-of-view of up to 175 arcsec × 175 arcsec. . IRIS is sensitive to emission from plasma at temperatures between 5000 K and 10 MK and will advance our understanding of the flow of mass and energy through an interface region, formed by the chromosphere and transition region, between the photosphere and corona. This highly structured and dynamic region not only acts as the conduit of all mass and energy feeding into the corona and solar wind, it also requires an order of magnitude more energy to heat than the corona and solar wind combined. The IRIS investigation includes a strong numerical modeling component based on advanced radiative-MHD codes to facilitate interpretation of observations of this complex region. Approximately eight Gbytes of data (after compression) are acquired by B. De Pontieu (B) ·Harvard-Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

The solar atmosphere was traditionally represented with a simple one-dimensional model. Over the past few decades, this paradigm shifted for the chromosphere and corona that constitute the outer atmosphere, which is now considered a dynamic structured envelope. Recent observations by IRIS (Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph) reveal that it is difficult to determine what is up and down even in the cool 6000-K photosphere just above the solar surface: this region hosts pockets of hot plasma transiently heated to almost 100,000 K. The energy to heat and accelerate the plasma requires a considerable fraction of the energy from flares, the largest solar disruptions. These IRIS observations not only confirm that the photosphere is more complex than conventionally thought, but also provide insight into the energy conversion in the process of magnetic reconnection.The energy produced in the core of the Sun by the fusion of hydrogen into helium is transported toward the surface first by radiation, and then by convection. The layer where the photons become free to escape defines the visible surface of the Sun. The atmosphere of the Sun above the surface was traditionally described as one-dimensionally stratified. Moving outward from the photosphere, the innermost layer, the temperature drops before rising again slightly in the middle layer, the chromosphere. When the outgoing energytransported by a heating mechanism that is not yet fully understood -can no longer be buffered by radiative loss and hydrogen ionization, the temperature rises steeply. This transition marks the boundary of the corona, the outermost layer, which is brilliantly visible to the naked eye in a total solar eclipse. Semi-empirical models represent this simplified one-dimensional stratification well (1). However, more advanced observations and models have established that the outer atmosphere (chromosphere and corona) is highly structured and dynamic (2,3,4). Modern models of the solar atmosphere also take

The X-ray Telescope (XRT) of the Hinode mission provides an unprecedented combination of spatial and temporal resolution in solar coronal studies. The high sensitivity and broad dynamic range of XRT, coupled with the spacecraft’s onboard memory capacity and the planned downlink capability will permit a broad range of coronal studies over an\ud extended period of time, for targets ranging from quiet Sun to X-flares. This paper discusses in detail the design, calibration, and measured performance of the XRT instrument up to the focal plane. The CCD camera and data handling are discussed separately in a companion paper