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Articles you may be interested inComparison between simulations and calibrations of a high resolution electrostatic analyzer Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72, 3662 (2001); 10.1063/1.1392337High-resolution submicron retarding field energy analyzer for low-temperature plasma analysis Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 3923 (1999); 10.1063/1.125495Miniature, high-resolution, quadrupole mass-spectrometer array Rev.A simple to construct, high-resolution, retarding field analyzer ͑RFA͒ comprising a cone-in-the-can electrode configuration was developed to eliminate the problems associated with the planar RFA, specifically potential sagging around the discrete wires of the grid and the cutoff energy dependence on arrival angle. This study extends the analysis of this spectrometer by discussing its performance as a function of its internal dimensions, specifically the length to width (L/W) ratio of the analyzer body. Experimental data for several designs are also included and indicate a resolution of the order of 1% is achievable. The simple geometry of the analyzer lends itself to miniaturization. However, the elimination of the grid from the device is an essential task if full miniaturization of the analyzer is to be realized. Such a gridless high-resolution RFA has been developed and the first results from this device show a resolution comparable to that of the grid-based design. Performance analysis of the gridless analyzer as a function of its dimensions is also reported.

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This paper proposes a technique for the television transmission of a hologram of a two‐dimensional transparency. The spatial resolution required on the camera tube is reduced by a factor of four compared with the transmission of a conventional off‐axis reference beam hologram. The resolution required is therefore no higher than that required for the direct transmission of the transparency itself. Implementation of the proposed arrangement should be easy. Three holograms formed with an on‐axis reference beam are transmitted. The phase of the reference beam assumes the values 0°, 120°, and 240° for the first, second, and third hologram, respectively. The carrier‐frequency hologram is “synthesized” from these three on‐axis holograms at the receiver. The technique has the further advantage that the undesirable zero‐order terms are eliminated.

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