The patterns of the seasonal and inter annual variability in the development of phytoplankton, including coc- colithophores, were studied in the northeastern part of the Black Sea in various seasons. The research was carried out on the base of remote sensed data provided by the Modis Aqua ocean color scanner and long-term ship observations. The results indicate that, in the coastal and open waters of the Black Sea, the development of phytoplankton reaches the highest level in the fall-winter and winter-spring seasons, i.e., in the periods of active winter convection. It was noted that there is a relationship between the level of coccolithophore development in the summer period and the minimal temperature of the sea surface layer in the preceding winter. The most active coccolithophore blooms, were observed after the coldest winters. Unusual winter and early spring coccolithophore blooms taking place in mild hydro meteorological conditions were registered in the Black Sea, on the base of satellite data and were confirmed by in situ measurements.

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This paper defines a generalized mathematical model of filtration in a double porosity medium, taking into ac- count recent ideas on liquid and gas flow in rocks with an anomalously low permeability (including nanoporous rocks). The obtained generalized equation takes into consideration, in contrast to the classical model, the integral effects of direct filtration of an energy (or heat) carrier in low-permeable inclusions. The laws of gas flow variations at the discharge point are compared with the classical double porosity model and with the Boussinesq– Leibenzon model.