Present address:
This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper, as presented, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Papers presented at the SPE meetings are subject to publication review by Editorial Committees of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Write Librarian, SPE, P.O. Box 833836, Richardson, Texas 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-214-952-9435.
Abstract
Although general agreement was reached between the OSPARCOM (Oslo and Paris Commission) countries in 1994 regarding testing of drilling chemicals for approval for use and discharge, there are still some practical variations concerning the implementation. In all standard environmental compliance areas, such as toxicity, bioaccumulation and biodegradability, there has been, or is, some concern about the reassessment of change. It is only recently that an agreement has been reached on test species for toxicity assessment of drilling fluids and chemicals for North Sea discharge. Regarding approval for the use of synthetic based muds (SBMs), biodegradability has probably been the most controversial issue with respect to the test methods, test results, acceptable degradation rates and overall environmental impact. Drilling fluids used in SBMs have low water solubilities and are adsorbed onto drill cuttings. They are known to enter the marine sediments and will, in high concentrations, and when they are buried under a layer of cuttings or under sediments, accumulate in anoxic marine sediments. OPSAR has therefore required that both aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation test results be available for the base fluids of SBMs. Presently, a seawater biodegradation test protocol has been developed into an OECD Guideline for water soluble materials, but no standard test protocol has been agreed upon for poorly or non-water soluble materials. This is the case both for aerobic or anaerobic biodegradation tests. For the aerobic biodegradation test, several attempts have been made to come up with a standard seawater test, but presently different laboratories use different protocols. Small differences in existing test protocols for aerobic seawater tests have resulted in great variations in test results obtained between different test laboratories. For the anaerobic test, only a few attempts have been made to come up with a seawater test protocol and only a limited number of test results exist.
It has been the general opinion among North Sea environmental authorities that rapid degradation will minimize the environmental impact, thus allowing fast recovery of the seabed. This argument was introduced at an early stage and lead to the development of a set of seabed simulation studies. The results of these studies generated alternative viewpoints. One argument was that aerobic degradation in a localized area will lead to anoxic conditions which immediately can have a lethal impact on the benthic fauna. Another argument was that although the base material may be relatively non-toxic, the by-products or any other constituents of the drilling mud, may be toxic. The ultimate issue concerning the use of any drilling fluid should therefore be environmental impact rather than fate.
P. 697
