No abstract

No abstract

Testis 100 in number were collected from cadavers in anatomy department and from aborted fetuses in gynaecology & obstetrics department of Andhra Medical College. They are divided in to groups by age wise, weight and measurements of testes (Morphometric) were done and kept in tabular form compared with normal one. Previous literature were also observed and the maximum weight of testes found in our study is 15gm. The minimum weight of testes in our study is 3 mg and 3mm in length width and breadth and maximum length, width and breadth is 5cmX3cmX5cm. The data obtained shows reduction of parameters of testes. The descent of testes and any congenital abnormalities were also observed. Colour of testes and appearance were also observed. The weight and morphometric measurements of testes were found below the normal in this region. However the size and morphometric measurements were dependent on hormonal status and built of individual. But the built and status of individuals are average. The reduction of morphometric measurements were probable due to some other cause.

BACKGROUND Talus is a very important bone among the skeleton of foot. Talus is a very common bone which undergoes some structural modifications due to prolonged habitual squatting postures. Structural alterations like squatting facets, trochlear extensions are observed over the dorsal aspect of the neck of the talus common type of squatting facets observed are medial squatting facets, lateral squatting facets, combined type of squatting facets .These are observed in specific group of people. METHODS Present study was conducted in 100 talus bones, which are procured from department of Anatomy, Andhra medical college, Visakhapatnam. Structural modifications like squatting facets, trochlear extensions are studied in all the bones. RESULTS Squatting facets are observed in most of the talus .but trochlear extensions are not observed in any of the talus .out of 100 talus, 54 tali are having lateral squatting facet, 4tali are having a medial squatting facet, 16 tali showing combined type of squatting facet, 26 tali are not having any type of squatting facets. Out of 54 right sided taluses, 24 tali are having a lateral squatting facet, 3 tali are having medial squatting facet, 10 tali are having combined type of squatting facet, 17tali are not having any type of squatting facet. Out of 46 left sided taluses, 30tali are having lateral squatting facet, 1 talus is having a medial squatting facet, 6 tali are having combined type of squatting facets, 9tali are not having any type of squatting facet. CONCLUSIONS Incidence of modifications over the neck of talus is very common in people who are having a rural background, those people are having a habitual squatting position. And these alterations may be due to genetic inheritance and several unexplainable reasons. KEYWORDS Talus, Squatting Facet, Habitual Squatting Posture, Lateral Squatting Facet, Medial Squatting Facet

Keywords: Radial artery, Superficial palmar arch, Ulnar artery I.Introduction The anastomoses between radial and ulnar arteries in the palm play a significant role in diseases of the palm through collateral circulation. During routine dissection of the MBBS students we have seen that the hand of a75 year-old male cadaver, showed variation in the completion of the superficial palmar arch (SPA) formed exclusively by the superficial branch of the ulnar artery. [The superficial arteries of the hand formed several diversified patterns that permitted into well-defined categories. About two-third of the SPA is formed by the ulnar artery alone; a further third is completed by the superficial palmar branch of the radial artery and a third either by the arteria radialis indicis or by the princeps pollicis or by the median artery. A classic type of SPA in which the superficial branch of the radial artery joins the superficial branch of the ulnar artery is found only in 34.5% of the cases. There are many reports regarding formation of SPA. In a study by Coleman et al., the complete arch was found in 78.5% of the cases and incomplete arch in the remaining 21.5%, and this formed a major underlying factor in the aetiology of digital ischaemia. Ikeda et al. conducted stereoscopic arteriography of 220 cadaver hands and reported complete SPA in 96.4% of the cases, and only 3.6% had an incomplete arch. Gellman et al. showed a complete SPA in 84.4% and Al Turk and Metcalf reported complete SPA in 84% of the cases.