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In this study, a model has been developed to find the minimum cost in distributing clean water. Linear Programming (LP) technique was used to formulate the model for Dodoma city. The developed model consists of both hydraulic and water treatment parameters. The model was then tested with real data collected from Ihumwa water network of Dodoma city and other treatment cost data from the literature to test the workability of the model. Hydraulic parameters such as head loss of the pipes, flow velocity and pipe pressure are calculated using water flow software. The resulted model was solved using lingo software by testing different intermediate values of pressure and velocity to obtain the minimum cost of distributing clean water. As a result, the values 650 N/m 2 and 700 N/m 2 as a maximum and minimum pressure and 0.5m/s and 2m/s as minimum and maximum velocity give the minimum cost of distributing clean water. Consequently, the objective value of resulted optimization model shows that the original cost of distributing clean water was reduced by 3.48%.

In this study, an optimal clean water distribution system cost model has been developed to find the minimum cost to distribute clean water. The model was then tested with real data collected from Ihumwa water distribution network of Dodoma city and other treatment cost data from literature to test the workability of the model. Hydraulic parameters such as head losses of the pipes, flow velocity and pipe pressure are calculated using water flow software. The resulted model was solved using LINGO software and the optimal cost of clean water distribution system was found by testing the different maximum and minimum velocity and pressure that give an optimal cost.

On-line computer-aided-design programs must be versatile, easy to use, reliable, and virtually ‘crash-proof. LINSIM is such a package which has been used by students and engineers at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand, for the past three years. Its structure and use are described and illustrated.

Teaching of integrated circuit engineering in New Zealand initially involved establishment of a Thick Film Hybrid Microelectronics Laboratory. Students now gain ‘hands-on’ experience using high quality equipment and processing standards which ensure commercially viable results, leading to increased confidence and satisfaction. Course structure is illustrated with typical projects.