Flood damage assessment to economic activities is affected by a general paucity of data to both describe the strong diversity that characterises this sector and validate existing flood damage models. This study aims to assess the applicability, the validity, and the transferability of the methodology for the estimation of flood damage to economic activities developed in France by the working group GT AMC, led by the Ministry of Environment. The method was tested in two case studies: the flood that affected the Île-de-France Region in 2016 and the 2002 flood in the city of Lodi, Italy. Flood damage estimates were compared to observed losses in order to appraise their uncertainty range, to define a methodology of application that reduces such an error, and to supply an evaluation of the methodology transferability.

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<p>Since 2010, a national method is available in France for multi-criteria analysis of flood prevention projects. The method uses national damage functions to estimate losses to the different exposed items, including economic activities. Despite the business sector suffers significant losses in case of flood, flood damage modelling to businesses is less advanced than for other exposed sectors, as e.g. residential buildings. Reasons are many and include: the high variability of activities types composing this sector and then the difficulty of standardisation (above all when contents are considered), and the lack of data to understand and quantify damage and validate existing modelling tools. The collection of damage data in two case studies, in France and in Italy, and the collaboration between two research groups in the two countries allowed to study the applicability, the validity, and the transferability of the French damage functions for economic activities to Italy. Firstly, the functions were tested and validated in a French case study, i.e. the flood that affected the Île-de-France Region in 2016. This validation exercise faced the problem of working with few information about the identity of the activities, and propose a solution; moreover, it allowed to verify the actual availability of input data to implement the functions in France and pointed out the paucity of information to validate the methodology. Testing the functions in a foreign case study, i.e. the flood occurred in 2002 in Italy in the city of Lodi, allowed instead to verify the transferability of the method.</p>

In parts of the world with Mediterranean type climates, periodic wildfires are part of natural processes. Where such fires impinge on populated areas, there is the potential for significant losses of lives and property. The interface between vegetated areas and human settlements is described as the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) and is typically where most wildfire losses occur. The threat of fire is becoming an important issue due to increasing populations and the potential for increased fire frequency with climate change. Understanding how wildfires behave in and adjacent to the WUI is important, as it can enable appropriate fire preparedness and response actions to be taken. Dynamic fire spread simulators are widely used to characterise large-scale fires to provide rapid predictions of potential fire spread and impacts, however these scales are generally much greater than those of interest in the WUI. There are currently few options for rapidly characterising fire in the WUI.Pugnet et al., Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) fire modeling using PHOENIX Rapidfire: A case study in Cavaillon, France

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