Debt security is an important factor influencing the national economy, which determines the nation ability to sustainable socio-economic development. Debt security has a key impact on national economic security, ie on the country's ability to withstand and reduce the debt yoke, to preserve financial and economic sovereignty. The constant transformation and the necessary identification of the factors of development of the national economy significantly actualizes the research aimed at ensuring the economic security of the nation and, in particular, its component – debt security. The aim of the research is a comprehensive analysis of the essence of the concept of debt security as an important element of the economic security of Ukraine and the establishment of key features of debt security through general scientific methods and research methods – analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, integrated and systematic approach, historical and scientific abstraction, logical analysis. The article analyzes scientific approaches to the category of economic security and proves the need to identify such a structural element as debt security of the nation, explores the essence of the category of debt security and identifies its key features – complexity and systematics, relativity, stability, which improves methodological and applied management methods, when establishing objects of management within the system of debt security of the nation. The structure of the nation and nation-guaranteed debt of Ukraine as of January 31, 2021 is described. The global financial crisis has shown that existing vulnerabilities caused by rising debt need to be addressed through the development of an effective debt management system, taking into account the relationship between debt security and financial stability. Problems of debt security in the Ukrainian economy, the search for methods, tools and strategies to ensure sustainable economic sovereignty of Ukraine require further research in this area of research.