The combined effect of non-thermal plasma treatment of water and seeds on the rate of germination and plants growth of radish (Raphanus sativus), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and sweet pepper (Capsicum annum) have been investigated using dielectric barrier discharges in air under atmospheric pressure and room temperature. A cylindrical double dielectric barrier discharge reactor is used for water activation and a plate-to-plate double DBD reactor is employed for seed treatment. The activation of water, for 15 and 30 min, lead to acidic solutions (pH z 3) with moderate concentrations of nitrate (NO 3 À ) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). Plasma activated water (PAW) has shown a significant impact on germination as well as plant growth for the three types of seeds used. Interestingly, the positive effect, in seed germination and seedling growth, has been observed when the PAW and plasma-treated seeds (10 and 20 min) were combined. In one hand, when the seeds were (tomato and pepper) exposed to 10 min plasma and watered with PAW-15 for first 9 days followed by tap water for 51 days, the stem length is increased about 60% as compared to control sample. On the second hand, for longer exposures of seeds and water to plasma discharges, a negative effect is observed. For instance, plasma-treated seeds watered with PAW-30, the plant growth and vitality were decreased as compared to control sample.These results revealed that the developed cold plasma reactors could be used to significantly improve the seed germination as well as plant growth, nevertheless, the plasma treatment time has to be optimized for each seeds.

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As soon as NO 2 molecules reach TiO 2 surface, they dimerized to N 2 O 4. • The adsorbed N 2 O 4 undergoes intra and intermolecular disproportionation reactions. NO 3 species. The intramolecular disproportionation reaction rate depends on NO 2 partial pressure, whereas the intermolecular disproportionation reaction rate depends on the coverage of NO 2 species and the number of available Ti 4+ sites. This mechanism is assessed for different NO 2 partial pressures ranging from 25 to 100 Pa. This study reveals that the configuration and the amount of the N-containing species on activated TiO 2 surface depend on the NO 2 concentration and the contact time.