Background: Phosphoisoprenoid stimulation of V␥9V␦2 T cells can be modulated by anti-BTNA3 antibodies. Results: Agonist and antagonist antibodies associate differently with BTN3A structurally and biophysically. Conclusion: Differential binding of antibodies to BTN3A modulates its oligomerization on the cell surface. Significance: Defining how ␥␦ T cells recognize antigen is critical for understanding their functions in the immune response.

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