Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Library of Congress CataJoging-in-Publication DataHigb resolution focused ion beams: FIB and its applications/Jon Orloff, Lynwood W. Swanson, M. Utlaut.p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4613-5229-7 ISBN 978-1-4615-0765-9 (eBook)

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Total-energy-distribution measurements in the temperature range 77 to 900°K along the (310), (211), (111), and (611) directions of W are in good agreement with the classical Fowler-Nordheim model for field emission. Work functions obtained from the I(V) characteristics and energy-distribution results from these directions are reasonable. In contrast, energy-distribution results along the (100) and (110) directions do not agree with the free-electron model of Fowler and Nordheim nor do they yield sensible work-function values. Coating the emitter with a low-work-function Zr-0 coadsorbate caused the (100) energy-distribution results to appear normal and yield sensible values of work function. Temperature coefficients of the work function for the (.2 (XlO~5)eV/deg, respectively. Upon coadsorbing Zr-O, the temperature coefficient of the (100) work function becomes negligible. The amplitude of low-frequency thermal-induced flicker noise was found to be least on the close-packed crystal faces. These results, when discussed in the light of the bulk band structure of W, indicate the plausibility of utilizing field-emission energy-distribution measurements to illustrate certain types of anisotropics in the energy surfaces of metals or semiconductors at or near the Fermi level.