By simply changing the molar ratio of the dopant to monomer, the morphology of salicylic acid (SA)‐doped polyaniline (PANI) can be changed from one‐dimensional nanotubes (∼ 109–150 nm in diameter) to three‐dimensional hollow microspheres (∼ 1.5–3.1 μm in diameter) via a self‐assembly process. Freeze–fracture electron microscopy (FFEM) proved that hollow spherical micelles composed of SA/aniline act as templates in the formation of either nanotubes or hollow spheres. FTIR and X‐ray diffraction measurements suggest that the hydrogen bond of the –OH group of SA with the amine group of PANI might be a driving force for self‐assembling hollow microspheres, while the hydrogen bond through hydrogen and oxygen of the adjacent SA doped on the polymer chains results in short‐range order of the counter‐ions along the polymer chain in the nanotubes.

A super‐hydrophobic surface (see Figure), possessing a microscale and nanoscale hierarchical structure similar to the surface structure of the lotus leaf, was prepared in one step from a micellar solution of polypropylene‐block‐poly(methyl methacrylate).

A total of 320 male Arbor Acres broiler chickens (28 days old) were randomly allotted to one of the three experimental diets supplemented with 0 (160 birds), 600 (80 birds) or 1200 mg/kg (80 birds) creatine monohydrate (CMH) for 14 days. On the morning of 42 day, after an 8-h fast, the birds of CMH-free group were divided into two equal groups, and all birds of these four groups were transported according to the follow protocol: 0.75-h transport without CMH supplementation (as a lower stress control group), 3-h transport without CMH supplementation, 3-h transport with 600 or 1200 mg/kg CMH supplementation. Each treatment group was composed of 8 replicates with 10 birds each. The results showed that supplementation of CMH for 14 days before slaughter did not affect the overall growth performance and carcass traits of stressed broilers (P>0.05). A 3-h transport decreased plasma glucose concentration, elevated plasma corticosterone concentration, increased bird live weight loss, breakdown of muscle glycogen, as well as the accumulation of muscle lactate (P<0.05), which induced some detrimental changes to breast meat quality (lower ultimate pH and higher drip loss, P<0.05). Nevertheless, supplementation of 1200 mg/kg CMH reduced chicken weight loss, decreased the contents of lactate and glycolytic potential in pectoralis major of 3-h transported broilers (P<0.05), which is beneficial to maintain breast meat quality by reducing the drip loss (P<0.05). These findings suggest that the reduction of muscle glycolysis is probably the reason for maintainance of meat quality by supplementation of CMH in transported broilers.