Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk: Mengetahui perbedaan signifikan antara kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa yang menerapkan model pembelajaran Problem Based Learning dan Problem Solving di SMAT Wira Bhakti. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah Quasi Eksperimental dengan rancangan pretest-posttest control group design. Sampel pada penelitian ini berjumlah 40 siswa yaitu sebanyak 20 siswa pada kelas eksperimen I dan 20 siswa pada kelas eksperimen II. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh dari uji t, nilai thitung sebesar 4,9774 dan nilai ttabel pada taraf α = 0,05; dk = 38 diperoleh sebesar 1,68595. Dengan demikian thitung dilihat lebih besar dari ttabel (thitung = 4,9774 ˃ ttabel =1,68595) sehingga H0 ditolak dengan arti lain bahwa H1 diterima. artinya terdapat adanya perbedaan signifikan antara kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa pada pokok bahasan hukum-hukum dasar kimia antara kelas yang menerapkan model pembelajaran problem based learning dan kelas yang menerapkan model pembelajaran problem solving di SMA Terpadu Wira Bhakti.

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi dan mengkarakterisasi senyawa metabolit sekunder yang terkandung pada biji kecubung. Isolasi dilakukan dengan tehnik ekstraksi secara maserasi menggunakan pelarut metanol. Selanjutnya proses pemisahan untuk ekstrak kental metanol dilakukan menggunakan kromatografi kolom dengan campuran n-heksan: MTC: aseton (7:1,5:1,5). Uji fitokimia dari isolat murni memberikan hasil yang positif terhadap senyawa terpenoid. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa senyawa yang diperoleh dari biji kecubung berupa kristal berwarna putih. Uji KLT dua dimensi dengan dua perbandingan campuran eluen yaitu n-heksan : etil asetat (7:3) sebagai E1 dengan harga Rf 0,162 dan kloroform : metanol (9,5:0,5) sebagai E2 dengan harga Rf 0,55 menghasilkan noda tunggal. Analisis spektrofotometer Uv-Vis dengan serapan panjang gelombang 281,00 nm dan 284,00 nm diakibatkan oleh adanya transisi n – π* yang disebabkan adanya ikatan kromofor C=O. Hasil ini didukung oleh data spektrum IR menghasilkan gugus-gugus fungsi ulur O-H (3440.77 cm-1), ulur C-H gugus alkil (2935.46 cm-1), ulur C-H alifatik (2858.31 cm-1), ulur C=O (1739.67 cm-1), ulur C=C aromatik (1620.09 dan 1569.95 cm-1), tekuk C-H (1456.16 cm-1), tekuk C-H (1415.65 dan 1404.08 cm-1), dan ulur C-OH (1037.63 cm-1) yang memungkinkan mengandung senyawa terpenoid.

The spatial ability affects the understanding of the material that is a three-dimensional representation.This study aims to calculate the contribution of spatial ability to understanding symmetry. The research method used is correlational quantitative, with Sixty-two Chemistry Department students in the fifth semester taking chemical bonding courses. Tests of spatial intelligence and familiarity with molecular symmetry were used to compile information. The Pearson product-moment test was used to analyse the data. The results showed that students' spatial ability in the high category had a positive relationship with students' success in understanding molecular symmetry.

Aurivillius is bismuth layered structure ferroelectrics that can be applied as memory, sensor, and catalyst. This research aimed to study the stability of AxBi4-xTi4O15 Aurivillius (A = Ca, Sr, and Ba). Dopants (A) partially substitute Bi at the sites of Bi(1) and Bi(2) of the perovskite layer. This research method is an atomistic simulation using by the GULP code. Simulations were carried out by means of AxBi4-xTi4O15 geometry optimization at constant pressure, using the Buckingham potential. The results showed that the increase in the concentration of dopants substituting Bi accompanied by an increase in lattice energies. The most stable Aurivillius was CaxBi4-xTi4O15 (x = 16.3%) carried out by Bi substitution at Bi(2) site, with lattice energy, -1668.227 eV. Aurivillius stability decreases by increasing the size of the dopant. The maximum concentration number of A dopant substituting Bi was discussed.

COVID-19 is a disease that caused a prolonged pandemic in many countries caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This study aims to identify the antiviral potential of secondary metabolites in Gorontalo traditional medicinal plants, which are believed to have the ability to inhibit the main protease protein of this virus. The methods used in this research were molecular docking and molecular dynamic. The main protease proteins for SARS-CoV-2 used based on the homology modeling results were 3V3M and 7TE0. The results of the active compounds in the paxlovid drug were also compared to obtain accurate data comparisons. The validation of the docking method on the 3V3M protein using the natural ligand 0EN revealed an RMSD of 0.75 Å. The RMSD value for validating the 7TE0 protein and natural ligand 4WI was 1.65 Å. The best molecular docking results were obtained using physalin F with a binding affinity of −10.3 kcal/mol for the 3V3M protein and physalin J with a binding affinity of −8.9 kcal/mol for the 7TE0 protein. The outcomes of the molecular dynamic method on the best complexes were determined by examining the value of changes in system energy, changes in system temperature, changes in system pressure, RMSD, RMSF, and bond-free energy (ΔG) of the complex. The standard 0EN ligand had a ΔG of −26.53 kcal/mol, while the standard 4WI ligand had a ΔG of −47.16 kcal/mol. The ΔG of the 3V3M-physalin F and 3V3M-physalin J complexes were respectively −28.22 kcal/mol and −26.62 kcal/mol. The ΔG of the 7TE0-Vitexin 2”-O-gallate and 7TE0-physalin J complexes were found to be −28.08 kcal/mol and −26.62 kcal/mol, respectively. The ΔG produced in paxlovid with complexes 3V3M and 7TE0 was −19.38 kcal/mol and −25.44 kcal/mol, respectively. Physalin F, physalin J, and Vitexin 2”-O-gallate have great potential to become SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor agents. However, in terms of structural stability and binding-active residues, these three compounds do not outperform the active substance in paxlovid.