Aim:The aim of the study is to identify the prevalence of metabolic abnormalities in children with urolithiasis.Materials and Methods:This is a prospective study; all children below 15 years who are found to have urolithiasis were prospectively evaluated with relevant history, clinical examination, and urine and serum testing. Metabolic workup includes complete urine examination, urine culture and sensitivity, and 24-h urinary analysis (lithorisk profile).Results:A total of 55 patients are included in the study. Forty-two are boys and 13 are girls aged between from 8 months to 15 years. Thirty-three patients underwent stone analysis, primary composition of calcium oxalate stones in 19 (58%), ammonium urate in 4, dahlite in 3 and uric acid in 3, silicon oxide in 2, and struvite in 2 cases. Lithorisk profile was performed in 40 cases (72.7%). The pH range is 5.6–6.2. We noted hypercalciuria in 20 patients (50%), hyperuricosuria in 23 (57.5%), hyperoxaluria in 20 (50%), hypernatriuria in 26 (65%), hypocitraturia in 9 (23%), and hypomagnesuria in 3 (7.5%). Urine calcium-to-creatinine ratio >0.2 was found in 22 (55%) patients. Statistically significant association between hyperoxaluria and hyperuricosuria (P < 0.04, r = 0.32) and hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria (P < 0.001, r = 0.51) found in this study. Hyperuricosuria is seen in 75% and 73% of patients with hypercalciuria and hyperoxaluria, respectively. Twenty-five children have both lithorisk profile and stone analysis. Hypercalciuria and hyperoxaluria were noted in 60% of calcium oxalate stone formers each. Elevated urinary calcium/creatinine ratio (>0.2) was seen in 73% of calcium oxalate stone formers.Conclusion:Because of high prevalence of metabolic risk factors and the significant risk of lifelong recurrence, all children with urolithiasis need complete evaluation with metabolic workup.

Introduction To compare the efiicacy of tadalafil 5 mg with tamsulosin 0.4 mg in the treatment of Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Material and methods A randomized prospective study on patients diagnosed with LUTS secondary to BPH with 50 patients in each group. Duration of the study is 12 weeks. Drug was given 30 min after dinner. Patients were assessed at baseline 1, 4 and 12 weeks with efficacy measures being Maximum flow rate (Qmax), Postvoid residual urine (PVR), International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), International Prostate Symptom Score Quality of life (IPSS QoL) and Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) scoring. Statistical analysis was done using paired sample t test and independent sample t test. Results In tadalafil group, 12 (24%) patients were having mild LUTS and 38 (76%) were having moderate LUTS. In tamsulosin group, 9 (18%) patients were having mild LUTS and 41 (82%) patients were having moderate LUTS. Seventeen patients in tadalafil group had associated ED (erectile dysfunction) and 13 patients had associated ED in tamsulosin group. Conclusions When both groups were compared, tamsulosin showed better efficacy than tadalafil in treating LUTS secondary to BPH.

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