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The prayer hall is the main space in mosques where prayer and worship take place. It is normally open with a large area where Muslims can pray together. The identification and assignment of organizational forms to formally defined classes are referred to as classification. The term typo-morphology refers to the merging of two ideas: typology, which focuses on syntactic and spatial analysis, and morphology, which focuses on form analysis. This research aims to create a typo-morphological classification of mosques by using shape grammar analysis to obtain the key prototypes that cover both traditional and modern mosque styles. Hence, the proposed mosque sample was grouped according to the extracted prototypes through graph-technique pattern recognition. The study resulted in extracting twenty different typo-morphological prototypes. The current study contributes to discovering the syntactical and formal configuration of mosque buildings, which establishes a distinct and reliable reference in mosque architecture.

One of the essential needs of humans that is influenced by architectural geometry is visibility in indoor areas. Prayer hall geometry dominates the mosque typology and morphology. The spatial–volumetric shapes of interior prayer halls affect worshipers’ visual comfort and spirituality. In this study, a new integrative framework is developed to quantitatively describe various mosque typo-morphologies affecting the visual comfort of worshipers, including spaciousness and consciousness, to obtain prayer hall typo-morphological patterns that may provide higher levels of visual comfort. Spatial and volumetric metrics from various prayer hall vantage points are used in this study. A two-dimensional isovist (VGA) map in depthmapX.10 collects spatial metrics, while the grasshopper script in Rhinoceros-7 collects 3D isovist volumetric metrics. The findings confirm the feasibility of creating a prominent area in barrier-free mosque layout designs centered on a central domed roof form.

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