Authors' Contributions AHF presented the main idea of research. FA arranged the funding and supervised the research. MH did statistical analysis. LZF conducted lab work.

No abstract

Insects play a vital role for proper functioning of forest ecosystem, including positive roles as pollinators, seed dispersers, genetic linkers and detrimental effects by feeding on and/or killing trees. The present study was conducted to find insect association with plants in rural areas of Dhirkot. The study was conducted from March, 2019 to September, 2019. The sampling was carried out by line transect method. Thirty transects were taken for sampling insects. Sixty-five species of insects in association with 150 plants were recorded.

The present study was conducted to study diversity and damage assessment of snails in cultivated crops and ornamental plants. The study revealed two types of snail species Macrochlamys indica and Indoplanorbis exustus in the study area. The sampled plots of tomato, Karam, Palak, Dhania, Maize, Fresh beans, Sunflowers, Aloe Vera, Loki, Pumpkin, Bitter guard, Kheera, Kachmach, Hund were taken. The study revealed that at Neelabut, when 39 plants of Fresh beans were examined out of them 18 were found damaged and the damage percentage was 46%, 38 plants of sunflowers were examined and 17 (45%) were found damaged, 85 plants of tomato were examined and 11 (12.94%) were found damaged, 82 plants of Karam were examined and 12 ( 15%) were found damaged, 62 plants of Palak were examined and 16 (25%) were found damaged, 51 plants of maize were examined and 15 (29%) were found damaged. The snail is pest in the study area and measures should be taken to manage them through ecofriendly programs.

The herpetofauna was surveyed from January to December 2018 along the elevation gradient 1367 m to 2617 m, asl in Tolipir National Park. The whole area was sampled by taking 52 quadrates. Three amphibian species were recorded using the visual encounter method in an area of 52 km 2. This study provides baseline data for spatial distribution of amphibians in Tolipir National Park and provides previously unavailable baseline information for use in the development of a preliminary conservation schedule.