Every year, the human impact on the world’s water sources becomes more pronounced. One of the triggers to this increase is the use of ineffective wastewater and sludge treatment systems. Recently, the number of studies of microwave processing in handling liquid municipal and industrial waste has increased. This paper discusses heat treatment, change in properties, decomposition of substances, removal of metals, demulsification, pyrolysis, biogas processing, disinfection, and other topics. The findings of European, Chinese, Russian, and other authors are summarised and presented in this review. In addition, the most notable Russian patents for microwave installations/devices and reactors suitable for a wide variety of applications are discussed. In this article, the authors look at microwave wastewater and sludge treatment from the perspective of practical application in various fields of human economic activity.
In this article, the specificity of wastewaters formed at electroplating plants and problem of its treatment is considered. The purpose of this research is to suggest the technological scheme of wastewater treatment, for one of the typical electroplating plants. Standard research methods were used: gravimetrical, photometrical and fluorimetrical methods of liquid analysis to achieve this goal. This article presents the method of electroplating wastewater treatment, based on chemical precipitation, including addition of the various reagents for removing heavy metals from the effluents. Because of the laboratory research, the effects of pollutants removal are 91% (total iron) and 94.6% (suspended solids). These effects were achieved by the technological scheme that includes averaging and mixing several technological effluents, their chemical precipitation with NaOH, Ca(OH)2 and flocculant during an hour.
Аннотация. В статье представлены результаты исследований изменений электросопротивления углероди-стых сталей при низком отпуске и определено влияние температуры на величину электросопротивления. Анализ полученных результатов показал, что влияние углерода на величину электросопротивления на не-сколько порядков выше влияния дефектов кристаллического строения, изменения электросопротивления при отпуске закаленных сталей обусловлены перераспределением углерода.Summary. The article presents the research results of carbon steel electrical resistance changes at low tempering and determines the effect of temperature on the electrical resistance. The analysis of the results showed that the influence of carbon on the value of the electrical resistance is higher than the influence of the crystal structure defects. The changes of the hardened steel electrical resistance are due to the redistribution of carbon.Ключевые слова: закалка, температура закалки, температура отпуска, электросопротивление, удельное электросопротивление, закаленные стали.Key words: hardening, hardening temperature, tempering temperature, electrical resistance, electrical resistivity, hardened steel.УДК 669.111.35:539.4.015 Введение Для надежной работы узлов механизмов трения и качения большое значение имеют их за-калка и отпуск. Исследователи применяли различные температуры закалки для сталей практиче-ски одинакового состава. Так как температура закалки определяет степень растворения карбидов хрома в аустените, представляется интересным проследить влияние температуры закалки и степе-ни растворения карбидов на процессы, протекающие при отпуске сталей.Методика проведения исследований Величину электросопротивления можно изучать как величину, отражающую не только внутренние превращения, возникающие при закалке, отпуске, изотермическом распаде аустенита и тому подобных обработках, но и явления, происходящие при дисперсионном твердении феррит-ных и аустенитных сталей, не испытывающих аллотропических превращений [4].Измерение электросопротивления проводилось потенциометрическим методом на стан-дартной установке. В конструкцию установки по измерению электросопротивления были внесены изменения, после чего на ней стало возможным определять абсолютные значения электросопро-тивления одновременно у четырех образцов [8; 9].
In the Tyumen region, groundwater is widely used for household and drinking water supply, the chemical composition of which is influenced by the increased marshland and peat resistance of soils and, in some cases, the presence of oil and gas-bearing horizons. Underground water typically has a high content of dissolved organic impurities (permanganate oxidability 11.7 - 23.0 mg/dm3), elevated concentrations of free carbon dioxide (20.0 200.0 mg/dm3), hydrogen sulfide (0.20 - 1.95 mg/dm3) and methane (5.3 - 60.0 mg/dm3), dissolved forms of iron (1.14 - 14.00 mg/dm3), manganese (0.02 - 3.80 mg/dm3). Analysis of iron removal plants operation was performed. Analysis of the region's iron removal plants showed that the process of iron removal of water depends on the degree of saturation of water with air oxygen with parallel removal of dissolved gases. Pre-degassing of water with high efficiency degassers is a necessary link of the process chain even when reagent purification techniques are used. Analysis and systematization of existing degassers to remove dissolved carbon dioxide have shown that despite the high-efficiency of some degasser models, they are complex in design and require considerable capital construction and operation costs. There is a need to develop a design not complicated in design, having high degassing efficiency at low economic costs.
Аннотация. В статье представлены результаты исследований изменений микроструктуры углеродистой стали 95Х18Ш резервуаров при нагреве. При исследовании превращений остаточного аустенита мы столкнулись с явлениями, которые объяснить пока не в состоянии. Поэтому мы описали превращения, которые испытывает остаточный аустенит, не вскрывая механизма этих превращений. Анализ полученных результатов исследований показал процессы рекристаллизации, изменение твёрдости, фона внутреннего трения аустенитной стали. Установлено, что особенности распада аустенита при отпуске будут определяться значением температуры, до которого производился нагрев при отпуске стали.Summary. The article presents the results of studies of changes in the microstructure of carbon steel 95x18Sh tanks on heating. In the study of residual austenite transformations, we are faced with phenomena that are not yet in a state to explain. Therefore, in our article, we have made a description of the transformations that retained austenite undergoes without revealing the mechanism of these transformations. Analysis of the treated results of research showed recrystallization processes, changes in hardness, background of internal friction of austenitic steel. It has been established that the peculiarities of austenite decomposition on tempering will be determined by the temperature to which the heating was performed on tempering steel.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.